Capacity reduction factor

Output includes node displacements, member end forces and support reactions A three-dimensional model would produce more accurate results hut a two-dimensional analysis normally is sufficient for this type of structure. Members will be subjected to loads from both long and short walls. The member capacity used in the mode or the allowable deformation must be limited to account for the fact that the members will be subjected to simultaneous bi-axial loading. A typical capacity reduction factor is 25%. This factor reflects the fact that peak stresses from each direction rarely occur at the same time. 

Table 2. Component capacities, reliabilities, time for repair and capacity reduction factors.

Code Case 2286 assumes that shells are axisym-metric, that for unstiffened vessels the shells are the same thickness, and that for stiffened cylinders and cones the thickness between stiffeners is uniform. Additionally, capacity reduction factors (or knockdown factors) are provided for general use, but are incorporated in the allowable stress equations. Stress reduction factors (FS) must be found for each direction of loading so that the values of FS are determined independently for both the longitudinal and circumferential directions. The stress reduction factors cover elastic and inelastic buckling, and plastic collapse behavior for elements in compression. 

In addition, a three-dimensional linear bifurcation analysis with appropriate capacity reduction factors is used to arrive at the actual safety factor for the stability analysis as described in CESSAR-DC, Section 3.8.2, and thus satisfies all the current design requirements. 

Cr = capacity reduction factor of the pin and hole diameters The effective width of the lug is... 

The capacity reduction factor, Cr, is a function of the ratio of the pin and hole diameters given by... 

FIGURE 7.4 Capacity reduction factor, Cr, versus the ratio of Dp/Djj. 

The fundamental case for pressure filters may be made using equation 10 for dry cake production capacity Y (kg/m s) derived from Darcy s law when the filter medium resistance is neglected. Eor the same cycle time (same speed), if the pressure drop is increased by a factor of four, production capacity is doubled. In other words, filtration area can be halved for the same capacity but only if is constant. If increases with pressure drop, and depending how fast it increases, the increased pressure drop may not give much more capacity and may actually cause capacity reductions. 

The manufacturer shall establish the reduced rated static hook loads for the same conditions under which the maximum rated static hook loads apply, but with the addition of the pipe-setback and sucker-rod loadings. The reduced rated static hook loads shall be expressed as percentages of the maximum rated static hook loads. Thus, the portable mast ratings in Standard 4D include a safety factor of 2 to allow for wind and impact loads, and require the manufacturer to specify further capacity reductions due to setback. 

The virus reduction factor of an individual purification or removal—inactivation step is defined as the log10 of the ratio of the virus load in the pre-purification material divided by the virus load in the post-purification material. A clearance factor for each stage can be calculated and the overall clearance capacity of the production process assessed. Total virus reduction is calculated as the sum of individual log reduction factors. Individual manufacturing steps must possess fundamentally different mechanisms of virus removal or inactivation in order for values to be considered cumulative. Additionally, because viruses vary greatly with regard to inactivation or removal profiles, only data for the same model virus can be cumulative. 

Only the simulant indicated by an X may be used. When X is followed by an oblique stroke and 3 or 5 , the result of the migration tests should be divided by the number indicated, known as the reduction factor . This figure is conventionally used to take account of tbe greater extractive capacity of the simulant for fatty foods compared with other types of foods. 

Plasma-derived therapeutic proteins are parenteral biologies that are purified on an industrial scale. All biologies derived from human sources, such as plasma, carry the risk of viral contamination. Thus, in order to market a medicinal product derived from human plasma, manufacturers must assure the absence of specific viral contamination. Virus validation studies are performed to evaluate the capacity of a manufacturing process to remove viral contaminants. Virus clearance across three different terminal inactivation steps, low pH incubation of immunoglobulins (IgG), pasteurization of albumin, and freeze dry/dry heat treatment of plasma-derived products (Factor VIII and Protein G), is discussed in this article. The data show that, like all other upstream virus reduction steps, the methods used for terminal inactivation are process and product dependent, and that the reduction factors for an individual step may be overestimated or underestimated due to inherent limitations or inadequate designs of viral validation studies. 

The overall virus reduction capacity of a manufacturing process is the sum of the individual reduction factors, and should be greater than the potential virus load in the starting material. At least one step in the process should clear significant levels of infectious virus so that the overall clearance is not made up of individual small, and possibly negligible, reductions. 

Cl = average liquid specific heat capacity, J/Kg.K Cp = specific heat at constant pressure, J/Kg.K d - vent diameter, mm F = flow reduction factor... 

Bondor et al. (1972) assumed that the permeability reduction is caused by polymer adsorption, and the adsorption process is irreversible. They further assumed the maximum permeability reduction corresponds to the polymer adsorptive capacity on the rock, AdC. The permeability reduction factor is linearly interpolated based on the ratio of the amount of polymer adsorbed to the adsorptive capacity ... 

The specific arrangement of the different tei-ms clearly shows the rationale of the model the first term is the total capacity of tiie carbon (W. We) for a given vapour divided by the total amount of vapour entering the filter per unit of time (Q.ci ). In other words, this is the time the filter would resist if the adsorption was instantaneous and the adsorption front (see Flg.20) would have zero depth. After r = tj the concentration at the outlet of the filter would jump from zero to c, . In reality, the adsorption front has a certain width, and there are vapour molecules in front of the saturated part of the filter (see Fig.20). Consequently, the breaktlTrough time will be shortened by the second term. This term is of course a function of the reduction factor R i.e. the point chosen on the breakthrougli curve to define the... 

The laminate fulfilled heat deformation resistance class A 90 with a temperature limit of 130°C classified under the fiammability classification of DIN 4102-1 B2 - DIN EN 13501 / B s2 dO. The reduction factors in calculating load capacity were in accordance with DIN 18820. The safety factor SO is in accordance with the guidelines for wind-farm composite materials (Germanischer Lloyd - RichtUnie fUr die Zertifizierung von Windkraftanlagen). 

Eirst, the changing tendency of bearing capacity functional, K, was influenced by increment of strength reduction factors (F, and Fj), there was as follows ... 

American Standard API 650 (American Petroleum Institute 2007) uses a similar concept to account for the capacity of the tank to dissipate seismic energy through the so-called response modification factor or simply reduction factor, denoted by R. The response modification factor for ground-supported, liquid storage tanks designed and detailed to these provisions shall be less than or equal to the values shown in Table E-4 of API 650. 

In order to evaluate strength, modem codes assume full exploitation of material capacity and appropriate reduction factors, by means of which geometric nonlinearities and imperfections are taken into account. For example, the strength of a steel bar subjected to compression is given by Eurocode 3 (European Committee for Standardisation 2004) as ... 

The original version of the N2 method was derived for elastic-peifectly plastic SDoF oscillator, and the relationship between the reduction factor R and the ductUity p, used to determine the nonlinear response spectrum, is dependent on the bilinear shape of the capacity curve. Alternative relationships between the reduction factor, the ductility, and the natural period of the system, R-fi-T, have been developed to determine the inelastic displacement ratios and the inelastic response spectra for structures characterized by quadri-linear backbone curves, characterized by a plateau of reduced capacity and further ductility, after a negative slope branch (see Miranda 2001 Dolsek and Fajfar 2004 Vamvatsikos and Cornell 2005). 

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