Immobilization long-term

Liu L, Shang L, Guo S, Li D, Liu C, Qi L, Dong S (2009) Organic-inorganic hybrid material for the cells immobilization long-term viability mechanism and application in BOD sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 25(2) 523-526. doi 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.004... 

Monobutyltirr. Four acute toxicity studies were identified for monobutyltin chloride. The critical study was an acute EC50, based on immobilization, for Daphnia magna at a concentration of 25 mg/1. All four tests were acute, and, in the absence of long-term tests, it was decided to apply an uncertainty factor of 1000. 

Naito, M. Kawamoto, T. Fujino, K., et al., Long-term repeated biodesulfurization by immobilized Rhodococcus erythropolis KA2-5-1 cells. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2001. 55(3) pp. 374-378. 

In general, biomolecules such as proteins and enzymes display sophisticated recognition abilities but their commercial viability is often hampered by their fragile structure and lack of long term stability under processing conditions [69]. These problems can be partially overcome by immobilization of the biomolecules on various supports, which provide enhanced stability, repetitive and continuous use, potential modulation of catalytic properties, and prevention of microbial contaminations. Sol-gel and synthetic polymer-based routes for biomolecule encapsulation have been studied extensively and are now well established [70-72]. Current research is also concerned with improving the stability of the immobilized biomolecules, notably enzymes, to increase the scope for exploitation in various... 

The following protocol for passive adsorption is based on methods reported for use with hydrophobic polymeric particles, such as polystyrene latex beads or copolymers of the same. Other polymer particle types also may be used in this process, provided they have the necessary hydrophobic character to promote adsorption. For particular proteins, conditions may need to be optimized to take into consideration maximal protein stability and activity after adsorption. Some proteins may undergo extensive denaturation after immobilization onto hydrophobic surfaces therefore, covalent methods of coupling onto more hydrophilic particle surfaces may be a better choice for maintaining native protein structure and long-term stability. 

Click chemistry reactant pairs used for surface immobilization have the advantage of being stable to aqueous conditions and long-term storage. Unlike many of the other coupling chemistries... 

Freeman and Seitz [6] developed one of the first enzyme-based CL sensors with convincing performance. They immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at the end of an optical fiber and achieved a detection limit of 2 X 10 4 6 mol/L H202. Preuschoff et al. [23] developed a fiberoptic flow cell for H202 detection with long-term stability, suitable for fast FTA. Different peroxidases were covalently... 

M. Brouers, F. Collard, J. Jeanfils, R. Loudeche (1983) Long term stabilization of photobiological activities of immobilized algae photoproduction of hydrogen by immobilized adapted Scenedesmus cells. In Photochemical, Photoelectrochemical and Photobiological Processes. Hall D.O et al eds. Reidel Pul. Dordrecht. 170-178... 

FIPS [Fission Product Solidification] A process for immobilizing the radioactive waste products from the thorium fuel cycle in a borosilicate glass for long-term storage. Developed at Kemforschungsanlage Jiilich, Germany, from 1968, until abandoned in favor of PAMELA in 1977. 

WIP [Waste Immobilization Plant] A process for immobilizing nuclear waste by incorporation in a borosilicate glass for long-term disposal. Developed in the 1970s in India for use at the waste immobilization plant at Tarapur. 

Phenol red immobilized PVA membrane for an optical pH sensor is developed based on the same approach, since the molecular structure of phenol red is similar to that of phenolphthalein. Phenol red was first reacted with the formaldehyde to produce hydroxymethyl groups, and then it was attached to PVA membrane via the hydroxymethyl groups. The changes of spectra characteristics after immobilization, the ionic strength effects, response time, reproducibility and long-term stability of the sensor membrane are discussed by Z. Liu et al. [170],... 

In order to achieve the firm fixation of the artificial cornea to host tissues, composites of collagen-immobilized poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with hydroxyapatite were synthesized by a hydroxyapatite particles kneading method. The preparation method, characterization, and the results of corneal cell adhesion and proliferation on the composite material were studied. PVA-COL-HAp composites were successfully synthesized. A micro-porous structure of the PVA-COL-HAp could be introduced by hydrochloric acid treatment and the porosity could be controlled by the pH of the hydrochloric acid solution, the treatment time, and the crystallinity of the HAp particles. Chick embryonic keratocyto-like cells were well attached and proliferated on the PVA-COL-HAp composites. This material showed potential for keratoprosthesis application. Further study such as a long-term animal study is now required [241]. 

These results indicated osteoporosis. In this condition, which often appears secondary to another pathology such as an endocrinopathy, chronic renal failure or following long term immobilization, bone architecture is normal hut its mass is reduced relative to its volume, that is there is normal mineralization hut the amount of osteoid matrix is reduced. Treatment is with bone resorption inhibitors such as the bisphosphonate group of drugs, for example alendronate. 

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