Red mulberry

Red mulberry Small hardwood type None observed Significant... 

The family Moraceae was named after the mulberry. Modus. The red mulberry. Modus rubra, is native to North America, where it occurs in moist woodlands. It produces a tasty, juicy fruit which is favored by birds, and although it is also good for people to eat, it is not economically important. The white mulberry. Modus alba, is native to Asia. In China, leaves of the white mulberry are fed to cultivated silkworms, a type of moth larva. The white mulberry became naturalized in North America during unsuccessful attempts to establish a silk industry in colonial America. Unlike the native red mulberry, the white mulberry is somewhat weedy, and is often found around homes, in disturbed sites, along fencerows, and in moist, second-growth bottomlands. Fruits of the white mulberry may be white, pink, red, or deep purple. The dark purple fruits inspired the name Modus nigra, although taxonomists have since determined this plant to only be a variety of Modus alba. 

Garcia et al. [48] used extracts from chaste tree and mulberry fresh fruits and cabbage palm pulp. In all cases the binding of the anthocyanins to Ti02 through hydroxyl and carbonyl groups caused a red shift of the absorption peak in comparison with solutions. The main parameters for DSSCs sensitized with chaste tree, mulberry, and cabbage palm fruits were Isc — 1.06, 0.86, 0.37 mA, VOC = 390, 422, 442 mV, Pmax= 198, 154, 99.3 iW, FF = 0.48, 0.43, 0.61, respectively. 

Trans-resveratrol (trans-3,5,4 -trihydroxystilbene) is a non-flavonoid polyphenol found in grapes, mulberries, and other food prod-ucts. It is responsible for the antioxidant activity of red wine. Intake of moderate amount of red wine has been found to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In addition to antioxidant activity, resveratrol could inhibit platelet aggregation, and showed anticancer activity. The phenoxyl radicals of resveratrol produced during oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, one-electron oxidants, and peroxyl radicals showed absorption maximum at 410 nm (Fig. I). Reports indicate that trans-resveratrol is a better radical scavenger than vitamins E and C and its activity is similar to that of the flavonoids epicatechin and quercetin. From the comparison of the spectral and kinetic properties of the transients derived from trans-resveratrol and its analogues, it could be concluded that in the neutral and acidic solutions, the para-hydroxy... 

De Rosso, M., Panighel, A., Dalla Vedova, A., Stella, L., and Flamini, R. (2009). Changes in Chemical Composition of a Red Wine Aged in Acacia, Cherry, Chestnut, Mulberry and Oak Wood Barrels. J. Agric. Food Chem., 57(5), 1915-1920. 

Some further comments include the fact that resveratrol has been extensively studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago, an institution that is said to have the broadest-based chemoprevention drug discovery program in the world. (Information about resveratrol is also provided by Hoffman, 1999a, p. 214). Some 2500 natural substances have been tested under the direction of pharmacy professor John Pezzuto (who is cited elsewhere as coauthor with Mathew Suffness of a chapter in Methods in Plant Biochemistry, Vol. 6, Assays for Bioactivity, pp. 72ff, 116). This anticancer substance (resveratrol) has been identified in over 70 plant species, notably in red-grape skins (and in red wine), but also in mulberries and peanuts. 

If the wine is artificially colored, potash gives the following colored precipitates Dwarf elder, mulberry, or beetroot givo a violet precipitate pokeweed berries, a yellow Indian wood, a violet red pemambuco, a re[Pg.277]

Red sandalwood Pterocarpus santalinus has attracted interest as a colourant and contains the colourless components, pterostilbene (34), pterocarpin (35) and homopterocarpin (36) the occurrence of which (ref. 101)and the chemistry (ref. 102) have been reviewed. The nature of the possible involvement of these compounds in the development of colour in sandalwood is not known although quinone and quinone dimer structures seem highly probable. Pterostilbene is the dimethyl ether of resveratrole, a natural widely-occurring phenolic component of many plants including grapes, mulberries and peanuts. The anticancer properties (ref. 103) and beneficial effect on coronary heart disease of this have been intensively studied recently (ref 104). ... 

In assays to assess the immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide isolated from white mulberry root bark, the compound was found to enhance proliferation of splenic lymphocytes in a synergistic manner in the presence of mitogens. However, the compound suppressed primary IgM antibody production from B cells, which was activated with lipopolysaccharide, a polyclonal activator, or immunized with a T-cell-dependent antigen, sheep red blood cells (Kim et al. 2000). 

Dye-woods. Heartwood of various, mostly tropical, plant species from which pigments or pigment precursors are extracted and us for dyeing wool, leather, paper, etc., e. g., redwoods (Brazil wood, sappan wood, Nicaragua wood, Jamaica redwood, Pernambuco wood, see brazilin), logwood (see haematoxylin), red sandalwood (see santalins), yellowwood (dyer s mulberry, see dye plants). 

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