Red blood cells, hemolysis

Another proposed in vitro assay for muscle irritancy for injectable formulations is the red blood cell hemolysis assay (Brown et al., 1989). Water-soluble formulations in a 1 2 ratio with freshly collected human blood are gently mixed for 5 min. The percentage of red blood cell survival is then determined by measuring differential absorbance at 540 nm this value is then compared to values for known irritants and nonirritants. Against a very small group of compounds (four), this assay reportedly accurately predicts muscle irritation. 

Red blood cell hemolysis Membrane stabilization Chloropromazine (not a receptor-mediated activity) Seeman and Weinstein, 1966... 

Hemoglobinuria and hematin casts were reported in the renal tubules of rats treated dermally with 107.7 mg/kg phenol (Conning and Hayes 1970). These observations are indicative of red blood cell hemolysis however, this was not confirmed with hematological examinations. 

Hypolipemic activity. Fiber, administered orally to nine adults with ileostomies at a dose of 13 g/day, increased the excretion of cholesterol " Petroleum ether extract of the fresh fruit, administered to pigs at a concentration of 3.5 g/kg of diet, was inactive "" . Purified green barley extract, in human mononuclear culture of cells isolated from perithelial blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, was active . Leaf essence, administered to atherosclerotic New Zealand White male rabbits at a dose of 1% of diet, produced a decrease of plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, lucigenin-chemilumines-cence, and luminal-chemiluminescence levels. The value of Tj of red blood cell hemolysis and the lag phase of LDL oxidation increased in barley-treated group compared with the control. Ninety percent of the intimal surface of the thoracic aorta was covered with atherosclerotic lesions in the... 

Bioassay methods include measurements of quantity required to prevent fetal resorption and for red blood cell hemolysis (in rat). Measurements also are made of liver storage in the chick. Physicochemical methods used include colorimetric two-dimensional paper chromatography,... 

Two of the natural CDs are known to be parenterally unsafe due to nephrotoxic effects [9], The etiology of the nephrotoxicity of a- and P-CD is unknown but is believed to be related to either CD uptake by kidney tubule cells resulting in disruption of intracellular function or the extraction of lipid membrane components by the CDs. The latter is suggested to be of validity since there seems to be a linear correlation between the ability of some CDs to disrupt cellular membranes and kidney nephrotoxicity [2, 6], The ability of CDs to cause red blood cell hemolysis and membrane irritation seems also to correlate with their ability to extract lipid membrane components cholesterol and phospholipids [10,11],... 

In vitro tests have shown that oleic acid causes rupture of red blood cells (hemolysis), and intravenous injection or ingestion of a large quantity of oleic acid can therefore be harmful. The effects of oleic acid on alveolar and buccal epithelial cells in vitro have also been studied the in vitro and in vivo effects of oleic acid on rat skin have been reported. Oleic acid is a moderate skin irritant it should not be used in eye preparations. 

Hemolytic uremic syndrome—A condition characterized by the breakup of red blood cells (hemolysis) and kidney failure. Platelets clump together within the kidney s small blood vessels resulting in ischemia leading to kidney failure. 

NRL-Ca/P Ca/P coating in NRL membranes Bone regeneration XRD crystallinity evaluation FTIR characterizing of the interaction between the phases spectrophotometric evaluation of red blood cell hemolysis [93]... 

Toxic effects may be classified by the nature of the hazard expressed (e.g., irritation), the timing of the resultant effects (eg., acute toxicity), the chemistry of the toxic agent (e.g., hydride gas), the intended use of die agent (e.g., acid etchants), or the mechanism of toxic action (e.g., red blood cell hemolysis). No classification system is any more correct than another, and the system utilized usually depends on the subjects and/or the agents under discussion. This discussion does not attempt to cover all known toxic effects, but rather generally addresses those toxic effects associated with chemicals foimd in plasma etching processes. 

Hemolysis of red blood cells—Excessive amounts of bile pigments—bilirubin—may accumulate in the liver and the bile when the rate of breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis) is considerably more rapid than normal. 

Newborn infants (especially the premature) have low plasma levels of vitamin E (the vitamin E concentration in full-term newborn infants is about one-third that of adults and that of premature infants is even lower), because transfer of vitamin through the placenta to the fetus is limited. As a result, hemolytic anemia (caused by shortened life span of red cells) may occur in the early weeks of life. In this condition, the membranes of the red blood cells are weakened by the action on them of the products of peroxidation of polyunsaturated fats and the cells rupture easily, producing a condition characterized by edema, skin lesions, and blood abnormalities. Supplements of vitamin E bring about increeises in blood levels of the vitamin, decreases in red blood cell hemolysis, and a return to normal hemoglobin levels. 

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