Hemolysis of red blood cells

One potential risk that formulators run when using cosolvents as drug solubilizers is the possibility of vehicle toxicity. Each cosolvent is characterized by an acceptable concentration range, which cannot be exceeded without incurring biological damage. To avoid the requirement for in vivo testing, several in vitro models have been advanced to evaluate the relative safety of cosolvent excipients. The most useful in vitro procedure follows the hemolysis of red blood cells, which has been correlated with in vivo animal tests [87,88]. 

Hydrogen telluride has caused pulmonary irritation and hemolysis of red blood cells in animals this gas is very unstable, however, and its occurrence as an actual industrial hazard is unlikely. ... 

SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic to humans by an unspecified route. Moderately toxic experimentally by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. A gastrointestinal tract and kidney irritant. Can cause hemolysis of red blood cells and methemoglobinemia. Toxic dose to a human is... 

DEFICIENCY Evidence is inconclusive as to what effects vitamin E deficiency m have in humans. Perhaps it m be associated with dystrophic changes in muscle and hemolysis of red blood cells. 

Brown Recluse spider venom contains many diverse protein fractions including spreading factors and enzymes such as hyaluronidase, collagenase, protease, phospholipase, and others. These venom components cause coagulation of blood and, ultimately, the occlusion of small blood vessels at the bite site. This leads to local skin and tissue necrosis due to ischemia. Hemolysis of red blood cells may also occur. The normal inflammatory processes that follow, such as edema and hemorrhage, contribute to the tissue damage caused by the venom. 

A 5-year-old Egyptian boy receives a sulfonamide antibiotic as prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections. Although he was previously healthy and well-nourished, he becomes progressively ill and presents to your office with pallor and irritability. A blood count shows that he is severely anemic with jaundice due to hemolysis of red blood cells. Which of the following would be the simplest test for diagnosis ... 

Hematological Effects. Hematological effects of 2-butoxyethanol exposure include hemolysis of red blood cells, and hemoglobinuria—the detection of hemoglobin in the urine resulting from lysed red blood cells (Jones and Hunt 1983). No adverse effect on erythrocyte osmotic fragility, which has been observed in animals, was found in humans experimentally exposed by inhalation to 195 ppm 2-butoxyethanol for... 

The serum potassium concentration may also be falsely elevated in some conditions, and not reflect the actual in vivo potassium concentration. This is termed pseudohyperkalemia. Pseudohyperkalemia occurs most commonly in the setting of extravascular hemolysis of red blood cells. When a blood specimen is not processed promptly and cellular destruction occurs, intracellular potassium is released into the serum. Pseudohyperkalemia can also occur in conditions of thrombocytosis or leukocytosis. If severe hyperkalemia is found in a patient who is asymptomatic with an otherwise normal laboratory report, the hyperkalemia is most likely pseudohyperkalemia, and a repeat blood sample should be evaluated. Elevated potassium concentrations are normally associated with other laboratory abnormalities. 

HEALTH SYMPTOMS inhalation (sore throat, coughing, labored breath, dizziness, bluish skin, faintness) skin contact (dry skin, redness, pain, may cause allergic skin reaction) skin absorption (symptoms parallel those toxic effects noted for inhalation and ingestion) eye contact (redness, pain, destructive to eye tissue) ingestion (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weakness, vertigo, jaundice, hemolysis of red blood cells). 

Hwang et at (HIO) reported a direct procedure for the determination of blood lead using the tantalum ribbon atomizer. A 25-/J sample of 1 10 water-diluted whole blood was analyzed. The dilution served to facilitate the manipulation of viscous blood samples and to complete hemolysis of red blood cells. An automatic background corrector was used with frequent standardization to eliminate the need for duplicate measurements of the sample and to establish a working curve for each set of unknowns. However, triplicate determinations could be made with as little as 10 /il of blood. 

Osmosis plays an important role in living systems. The membranes of red blood cells, for example, are semipermeable. Placing a red blood cell in a solution that is hypertonic relative to the intracellular solution (the solution inside the cells) causes water to move out of the cell ( FIGURE 13.26). This causes the cell to shrivel, a process called crenation. Placing the cell in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the intracellular fluid causes water to move into the cell. This may cause the cell to rupture, a process called hemolysis. People who need body fluids or nutrients replaced but cannot be fed orally are given solutions by intravenous (IV) infusion, which feeds nutrients directly into the veins. To prevent crenation or hemolysis of red blood cells, the IV solutions must be isotonic with the intracellular fluids of the blood cells. 

Hemolysis of red blood cell placed in hypotonic environment... 

Hemoglobin Hemoglobinuria Excessive hemolysis of red blood cells... 

Since antioxidants may also under special conditions be pro-oxidants (they are oxidizable), it is not surprising that ascorbic acid, as well as cysteine, promotes hemolysis of red blood cells obtained from vitamin E-deficient rats (Rose and Gyorgy, 1950). 

Some plastieizers were formd to have a beneficial effect on stored red blood cells. Lower rate of hemolysis of red blood cells was observed in the presence of di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate, tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate, and n-butyryl tri-n-hexyl citrate. It is suggested in a reeerrt irrverrtion that, even if for reasorts of meeharrical properties plasticizers are not needed, plastieizer addition will still give benefits in this applicatiorr, especially in composition with vitarrrin E used as an arrtioxidarrt. ... 

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