Recycling equipment requirements

High isobutane recycle purity is not required on HF alkylation units as is required on many H2SO4 units because relatively high normal butane concentrations in the reaction zone do not appreciably affect the quality of the alkylate. Isobutane purities below 60% are usually avoided, however, since this purity definitely gives lower-quality alkylate and the cost of recycling the normal butane is considerable in heat requirements as well as fractionation equipment requirements. 

While older units required high recycle rates, increased efficiency of recycle and quench has allowed the recycle rate to be lowered considerably on new units. Lower recycle rates require smaller catalyst volumes, lower utility consumptions, and smaller equipment sizes. 

The essential equipment requirements for a tetramer unit are a combined feed-charge drum, charge pump, catalyst chamber, depropanizer, recycle column, rerun column, and attendant pumps and exchangers. Figure 1 shows such a unit as designed to produce tetramer and cumene alternatively. Table VII shows yields from the tetramer operation when a 350°-485°F. boiling-range tetramer is produced. 

The equipment required for the production of cumene is almost identical to that shown in Fig. 1. The recycle column takes the recycle benzene overhead while the cumene is removed as an overhead product of the rerun column. Table VIII shows typical yields from cumene operation. 

Standard suction drum backwash equipment, having perforated drums with positive liquor recycle, is required for continuous treatment of worsted sliver. Protection of felting shrinkage by batch treatment can be carried out successfully in standard side paddle or overhead paddle dyeing equipment. 

The cost of the reactor that would be required to achieve an 83.3% conversion in a single pass could be much greater than the cost of the separation and recycle equipment. 

For these experiments, a portion of the solvent was introduced slowly into the recycle vapor line. Samples were taken after the solvent had distributed itself throughout the polymerizer, devolatilizer, and recycle equipment. No solvent was added to the feed monomer, although for long periods of operation a small amount of solvent would normally be required in the feed to make up for solvent lost through the extruder as part of the volatile in the copolymer product and also, possibly, lost through the condenser into the vacuum system. 

Closed-loop steady state recycling chromatography is an intermediate between simple batch wise or CLRC operation and continuous processes. It combines lower complexity and equipment requirements with higher productivities and lower eluent consumption. 

Bulk (continuous) Easier to control heat and mass transport Narrower molecular weight distribution Reactant recycling May require solution and subsequent precipitation for purification and/or fabrication May require reduction to usable particle size Complex equipment... 

In many problems, there are recycle loops and design specifications. Recycle loops require convergence blocks. Explicit iterations occur to satisfy material, temperature, and pressure agreement in a given recycle stream. Design specifications require control blocks. Implicit iterations occur to satisfy a specification by adjusting an input stream variable or equipment parameter. 

The hot in situ recycling process requires the use of a number of equipment including preheaters, heaters, scarifiers, mixers, pavers and compactors. 

Some years of experience also clearly show that a sound policy must necessarily combine several approaches, whereas in the field only well defined and realistic objectives must be selected. This work describes the mechanical recycling of PVC bottles and/or pipes to non-pressure coextruded three-layer pipes. In a first step the material (bottles or pipes) must be regenerated and in the second step, re-used. The coextrusion process also describes the modification of the production equipment required by multilayer coextrusion. 

When electricity, gas, water, lime, sodium carbonate, phosphoric acid, tanks, pumps, switches, valves, analytical equipment, and controls have been properly placed, it is time to consider the kiln itself and all the auxiliary equipment required to run the kiln. Of instant concern today are emissions and waste products. Dust collectors must be in place and operational before a kiln can be operated. There must also be a means of disposing or recycling off specification product. Poor-quality products are usually produced in the first trial runs of new equipment. 

Lower investment costs, since low recycle rates require smaller equipment and piping in the remaining part of the synthesis loop. 

An alternative method of recycling of mixed plastic waste is based on a separation of different components into homogeneous fractions. Sereni describes opportunities in this area and interesting industrial equipment required for effective separation of PET and PVC. 

From an academic point of view, many applications using ILs results very attractive however, in practice such results are difficult to apply for many reasons, such as economy, product disponibility, ILs stablility, lost of activity during recycling and additional equipments required. 

The impact of the regulations in Table 4 is to require users and producers of VOC ketones to limit release by either reformulating to new solvent systems, to install environmental control systems which recover and recycle solvents, or reduce emissions with carbon absorption beds or incineration equipment. The use of some individual ketones will decline further, but the overall short-term use of ketones is forecast to remain stable (10). 

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