Combustion reciprocal

API Specification for Internal-Combustion Reciprocating Engines for Oil-Field Service, API STD 7B-11C, Eighth Edition, March 1981. 

Reciproca.ting Piston Meters. In positive-displacement meters of the reciprocating piston type, one or more pistons similar to those in an internal-combustion engine are used to convey the fluid. Capacity per cycle can be adjusted by changing the piston stroke. 

Reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICEs), 73 854, 855-856 Reciprocating jet gas-liquid contactor, 75 709-710... 

Where multiple compressors are involved in the same service or duty, separation should be provided between compressors to reduce mutual exposure. Compressor buildings housing flammable service compressors should be provided with a combustible-gas detection system. The system should alarm at a concentration of 20-25% of the LFL and shutdown the compressor at 40-50% LFL (see Section 8.1.3). The shutdown should include closing all inlet and discharge process lines. For reciprocating compressors in flammable service, explosion vents on the crankcases should be provided. 

The operation of the reciprocating internal combustion engines represents a compromise between the Otto and the Diesel cycles, and can be described as a dual combustion cycle. Heat transfer to the system may be considered to occur first at constant volume and then at constant pressure. Such a cycle is called a dual cycle. 

The Otto cycle is a spark-ignition reciprocating engine consisting of an isentropic compression process, a constant-volume combustion process, an isentropic expansion process, and a constant-volume cooling process. The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle depends on its compression ratio. The compression ratio is defined as r= Fmax/f min- The Otto cycle efficiency is limited by the compression ratio because of the engine knock problem. 

During MSW combustion in a modern mass burn combustor with reciprocating grates, 11 of MSW is converted to heat gases such as C02, NOx, SOx, and H20 and about 350 kg of ash residuals partitioned into the various ash streams. For every tonne of MSW combusted, about 5 kg of grate siftings, 295 kg of grate ash, 5 kg of boiler/economizer ash, 20 kg of ESP ash, and 12 kg of dry scrubber solids are produced (Chandler et al. 1997). 

To comprehend the value of fundamental scientific work one must look back and weave the strands together. Sometimes the threads are very evident. For example, the battle of Britain was won in considerable part by the use of planes which were products of combustion research. The interrelationships of supercharging, compression, and fuel properties and composition in the reciprocating engine had been partially explored at that time. The Germans seemed to apply these principles but slowly at first. The British put this knowledge to work immediately as did the petroleum industry in the United States in those frantic days of producing tremendous quantities of fuel. 

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