Receptor ganglioside

Haywood, A. M., and Boyer, B. P. (1986), Ficoll and dextran enhance adhesion of Sendai virus to liposomes containing receptor (ganglioside GDla), Biochemistry, 25, 3925-3929. 

Cholera toxin and E. call heat-labile toxin ADP-ribosylate the a-subunit of trimeric G-proteins (Gj) so that they are unable to hydrolyze GTP (Casey and Gilman, 1988 Neer and Claphan, 1988). As a result, the adenylate cyclase stays in a persistently active state. The toxin is taken up from the apical pole of the enterocytes, whereas the adenylate cyclase is located at the basolateral side. Since membrane glycolipids such as the toxin receptor (ganglioside GMi) tend not to cross tight junctions, it is unlikely that the toxin reaches the basolateral side by lateral diffusion. Most likely it enters the cytosol and diffuses to the target which is also located at the cytosolic side of the membrane. 

Since the effect of TSH on TPMP+ uptake precedes the effect of the hormone on adenylate cyclase activity,1 7 the possibility exists that a primary mode of action of each of these effectors is to alter electrochemical ion gradients across the cell membrane. This concept is attractive in that it would serve to explain certain other findings. Thus, hCG causes changes in adrenal cell ion transport which not only precede adenylate cyclase stimulation, but occur at concentrations of the effector which have minimal effects on cyclase activity 1 9 cholera toxin and its B protein induce alterations in the permeability of liposomes reconstituted with "receptor" ganglioside in the absence of adenylate cyclase.50 51... 

Lee, G., Aloj, S. M., and Kohn, L. D., 1977, The structure and function of glycoprotein hormone receptors Ganglioside interactions with lutenizing hormone, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 77 A3. ... 

Markwell, M.A.K., Fredman, P., and Svennerholm, L., 1984, Receptor ganglioside content of three hosts for Sendai virus MDBK, HeLa, and MDCK cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 775 7-16. 

Figure 14-13. G i ganglioside, a monosialoganglio-side, the receptor in human intestine for cholera toxin.

Glycosphingolipids are constituents of the outer leaflet of plasma membranes and are important in cell adhesion and cell recognition. Some are antigens, eg, ABO blood group substances. Certain gangliosides function as receptors for bacterial toxins (eg, for cholera toxin, which subsequently activates adenylyl cyclase). 

A. Bemardi, L. Carrettoni, A. Grosso Ciponte, D. Montib, and S. Sonnino, Second generation mimics of ganglioside GM1 as artificial receptors for Cholera Toxin Replacement of the sialic acid moiety, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 10 (2000) 2197-2200. 

Bullens, R. W., O Hanlon, G. M., Wagner, E. etal. Complex gangliosides at the neuromuscular junction are membrane receptors for autoantibodies and botulinum neurotoxin but redundant for normal synaptic function. /. Neurosci. 22 6876-6884, 2002. 

The initial step in the sequence of events leading to influenza virus infections in mammalian hosts is mediated by the multiple attachment of virus particles to host sialoside receptors in the nasopharynx [41]. These receptors consist largely of cell surface sialylated glycoproteins and gangliosides. The subsequent steps involve receptor-mediated endocytosis with ensuing release of the viral nucleo-plasmid. The first event responsible for the receptor-virus interaction is therefore an attractive target for both antiviral and related microbial intervention. 

Hanai, N., Dohi, T., Nores, G. A., and Hakomori, S. (1988). A novel ganglioside, de-N-acetyl-GM3 (II3NeuNH2LacCer), acting as a strong promoter for epidermal growth factor receptor kinase and as a stimulator for cell growth. /. Biol. Chem. 263, 6296-6301. 

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