Gangliosides receptors

Mucosal adjuvants Bind to M cells and GMl ganglioside receptors on mucosal epithelium CT toxin... 

Figure 6. Ganglioside receptors for tetanus toxin. Glucose , galactose O, galactosamine Y, NeuAc.

Figure 2. Proposed interaction of growth factor receptors with GSLs in microdomain. GSL microdomain does not contain growth factor receptors or integrin receptors. Receptors may be dispersed or present in loci separate from GSLs in resting state (step 1). However, function of these receptors is susceptible to GSLs, particularly gangliosides. Receptors may migrate to the GSL microdomain upon cell stimulation (step 2), and some of them enter the microdomain (step 3), whereupon receptor function is influenced by GSLs.

Boltz-Nitulescu, G., Ortel, B., Riedl, M., and Forster, O., 1984, Ganglioside receptor of rat macrophages—Modulation by enzyme treatment and evidence for its protein nature. Immunology 51 111 m. 

Figure 14-13. G i ganglioside, a monosialoganglio-side, the receptor in human intestine for cholera toxin.

Glycosphingolipids are constituents of the outer leaflet of plasma membranes and are important in cell adhesion and cell recognition. Some are antigens, eg, ABO blood group substances. Certain gangliosides function as receptors for bacterial toxins (eg, for cholera toxin, which subsequently activates adenylyl cyclase). 

A. Bemardi, L. Carrettoni, A. Grosso Ciponte, D. Montib, and S. Sonnino, Second generation mimics of ganglioside GM1 as artificial receptors for Cholera Toxin Replacement of the sialic acid moiety, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 10 (2000) 2197-2200. 

Bullens, R. W., O Hanlon, G. M., Wagner, E. etal. Complex gangliosides at the neuromuscular junction are membrane receptors for autoantibodies and botulinum neurotoxin but redundant for normal synaptic function. /. Neurosci. 22 6876-6884, 2002. 

The initial step in the sequence of events leading to influenza virus infections in mammalian hosts is mediated by the multiple attachment of virus particles to host sialoside receptors in the nasopharynx [41]. These receptors consist largely of cell surface sialylated glycoproteins and gangliosides. The subsequent steps involve receptor-mediated endocytosis with ensuing release of the viral nucleo-plasmid. The first event responsible for the receptor-virus interaction is therefore an attractive target for both antiviral and related microbial intervention. 

Hanai, N., Dohi, T., Nores, G. A., and Hakomori, S. (1988). A novel ganglioside, de-N-acetyl-GM3 (II3NeuNH2LacCer), acting as a strong promoter for epidermal growth factor receptor kinase and as a stimulator for cell growth. /. Biol. Chem. 263, 6296-6301. 

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