Commercialization reason

Using computer programs compiicates the problem because the calculation accuracy is never given for commercial reasons. Furthermore, the ways in which the methods are executed are not explicit and the data banks are often considered secret and inaccessible. 

En2yme techniques are primarily developed for commercial reasons, and so information about immobilisation and process conditions is usually Limited. A commercially available immobilised penicillin V acylase is made by glutaraldehyde cross-linking of a cell homogenate. It can be used ia batch stirred tank or recycled packed-bed reactors with typical operating parameters as iadicated ia Table 2 (38). Further development may lead to the creation of acylases and processes that can also be used for attaching side chains by ensymatic synthesis. 

Full process models of commercial importance are not published for obvious commercial reasons. 

Brighteners are applied to cotton by methods similar to direct dyes. By far the most common are triazinyl derivatives of diaminostilbenedisulphonic acid (DAS) of general formula 11.5, where M is an alkali metal, ammonium or alkylammonium cation. Examples of groups Ilj and R2 are shown in Table 11.1. Most suppliers of FBAs market such compounds, often called DAST brighteners. Products in this class have sometimes been marketed because the supplier needed to offer something different for commercial reasons, or to avoid infringing a competitor s patent, rather than for any real technological necessity. 

The major potential application of active carbon fibers is as an adsorbent in environmental control, as outlined in the previous section. However, there is a number of smaller scale, niche applications that seem to be particularly suited to ACF. These emerging applications include the use of ACF in medicine [111 (see also 59,60),112], as capacitors [113-119] and vapor sensors [120], and in refrigeration [121]. The first two of these applications are summarized below. However, there are not many detailed, publicly-available sources describing any of these applications, partly for commercial reasons and partly because the technology is emerging, so any summary is necessarily limited in scope. 

Figure 12.9 Overview of the production of Refludan (recombinant hirudin). The exact details of many steps remain confidential for obvious commercial reasons. A number of QC checks are carried out on the final product to confirm the product s structure. These include amino acid composition, HPLC analysis and peptide mapping...

For obvious practical and commercial reasons, the sex attractant(s) of livestock have received considerable attention. In cattle, experiments have shown that bulls responses to sex odors depend on the breeding regimen. Free-ranging bulls with access to cows will prefer to mount a cow that had been scented with urine from an estrous cow to one carrying the urine odor of an anestrous cow. Bulls kept tied up indoors and encountering cows in stalls mount cows indiscriminately (Sambraus and Waring, 1975). 

Supply on a particular patient basis encompasses various categories of unauthorised use of medicinal products. A product maybe imauthor-ised because it has been specially formulated for use it may be at the clinical trial stage of development, but be requested by doctors for use outside a trial it may have been authorised previously and then withdrawn from the market for commercial reasons, or because of safety, efficacy or quality concerns or it may be authorised currently, but for a different indication or patient population, or in a different country. 

Clinical trials are sometimes continued for an open extension period. This is permissible, provided there are genuine scientific reasons for continuing the study (rather than commercial reasons, such as attempting to create demand for the product) and that the appropriate regulatory clearance has been obtained. If the company does not wish to do this, it would be open to the doctor to request further supplies of the product, but the company must not invite him to do this. Any further supply to the doctor would then need to comply with the provisions regarding particular patient supply, unless the doctor has decided to carry out his own clinical trial. 

Alternatively there may be commercial reasons why we want to demonstrate the non-inferiority of our treatment against an active control. Maybe our treatment potentially has fewer side effects than the active control and we are prepared to pay a small price for this safety advantage in relation to efficacy. If this were the case then of course we would need to show advantages in terms of a reduction in side effects but we would also need to demonstrate that we do not lose much with regard to efficacy. 

As ICH E9 points out There should generally be only one primary variable, and when this is the case there is clearly no need for adjustment. However there may well be good scientific and commercial reasons for including more than one primary variable, for example to cover the different potential effects of the new treatment. 

The reversible, selective MAOls are an effective and relatively safe treatment alternative for social phobia. Moclobemide is currently not available in the United States, although it is available and widely used in other countries. Brofaromine has been discontinued entirely for commercial reasons. 

Corticosteroids potentially used in food-producing animals include a variety of compounds such as cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, prednisolone, methylpredniso-lone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, flumethasone, fluoroprednisolone, isoflu-predone, and triamcinolone. Corticosteroid administration to feedlots as growth-promoting agents has been recently introduced illicitly in animal production because of their ability to promote water retention in the body. This use has been strongly enhanced for commercial reasons, in order to produce meat more appealing to consumers, due to the juicy and lean look. It is therefore crucial to rely on accurate, sensitive and specific analytical methods to measure residues in biological samples. 

Thus, for logical or illogical reasons (perhaps even for commercial reasons), our hypothetical research team decided that, while it likes the use of the EO/PO polymer extraction technique, it wants to develop an alternative, but related, method. One strategy would be to insolubilize the polymer before it comes into contact with the polluted water. The strategy might be to add sufficient hydrophobic groups to prevent 2005 by CRC Press LLC... 

Hydrogenation catalysts, particularly metals, are also relatively well characterized because of extensive study. This has occurred partly for commercial reasons catalyzed organic reactions of great industrial importance—e.g.y hydrogenation and reforming—involve reducing conditions. In part, however, this has occurred because of the esthetic attrac-... 

In terms of the new MAO inhibitors that may become available in the future, it is possible that some new RIMAs may be approved as antidepressants. Moclobemide, available in many countries, is unlikely, for commercial reasons, to become available in the United States. Another promising RIMA, brofaramine, is also unlikely to be developed for any country. However, befloxatone is progressing in clinical trials, and other RIMAs are also potential drug development candidates, including RS-8359, cimoxatone, and toloxatone. 

The ROP of lactide with SnOct2 is fairly slow and it is desirable for economic and commercial reasons to increase the rate of polymerization. The addition of an equimolar amount of triphenylphosphine increases the rate and, as an additional advantage, this compound delays the occurrence of the undesirable backbiting reactions [59]. 

There are numerous detailed books on firearms available for enthusiasts, the vast majority of the books concentrating on the physical aspects of firearms. Very little has been published on the chemical aspects of firearms and ammunition and what has been published is sparse and fragmented in the literature. One of the reasons for this is that manufacturers are reluctant to release in-depth details about their products for obvious commercial reasons. 

Describe the commercial reasons for developing advanced drag delivery systems... 

---