Technology chemical reaction

Liu, Ji, Chen, Jianfeng, Song, Yunhua and Zheng, Chong (1999). Experimental study on micromixing in a rotating packed bed. Chemical Reaction Technology, 15(3) 327-331 (in Chinese). 

Figure 5 shows that a fast reaction takes place only in the liquid film. In such instances, the dominant mass transfer mechanism is physical absorption and the diffusion model above is applicable, but the resistance to mass transfer in the liquid phase is lower because of the reaction. On the other hand, a slow reaction occurs in the bulk of the liquid, and its rate has little dependence on the resistances to diffusion in either the gas or liquid film. Here the dominant mass transfer mechanism is that of chemical reaction therefore, this case is considered part of chemical reaction technology, as distinct from absorption technology. 

With the aid of chemical reaction technology [Levenspiel 1980, Hofmann 1983], the theoretical basis of which was only developed in the mid-1900s, the reactor can be designed. To this end, the questions of ... 

Example of application in chemical reaction technology (Chap. 2.2) ... 

The total collective of solutions of Equations (2)-(4) must contain the above-mentioned arbitrary functions. For Equations (3) and (4) such solution collectives can readily be obtained for (2), which is of special importance for chemical reaction technology, this is not the case. A large class of solutions A x,t) can be found for Equation (2) with the aid of the product expression ... 

An author of textbooks Engineering Catalysis, DeGruyter, 2013 and Chemical Reaction Technology, DeGruyter, 2015) and author and co-author of over 650 journal articles on kinetics and catalysis. 

The different internal and external file formats make it necessary to have programs which convert one format into another. One of the first conversion programs for chemical structure information was Babel (around 1992). It supports almost 50 data formats for input and output of chemical structure information [61]. CLIFF is another file format converter based on the CACTVS technology and which supports nearly the same number of file formats [29]. In contrast to Babel, the program is more comprehensive it is able to convert chemical reaction information, and can calculate missing atom coordinates [29]. 

Formation of Airborne Emissions. Airborne emissions are formed from combustion of waste fuels as a function of certain physical and chemical reactions and mechanisms. In grate-fired systems, particulate emissions result from particles being swept through the furnace and boiler in the gaseous combustion products, and from incomplete oxidation of the soHd particles, with consequent char carryover. If pile burning is used, eg, the mass bum units employed for unprocessed MSW, typically only 20—25% of the unbumed soHds and inerts exit the combustion system as flyash. If spreader-stoker technologies are employed, between 75 and 90% of the unbumed soHds and inerts may exit the combustion system in the form of flyash. 

The examples given above represent only a few of the many demonstrated photochemical appHcations of lasers. To summarize the situation regarding laser photochemistry as of the early 1990s, it is an extremely versatile tool for research and diagnosis, providing information about reaction kinetics and the dynamics of chemical reactions. It remains difficult, however, to identify specific processes of practical economic importance in which lasers have been appHed in chemical processing. The widespread use of laser technology for chemical synthesis and the selective control of chemical reactions remains to be realized in the future. 

Reactors. Reactors are a special type of vertical vessel. Some reactors are also in horizontal vessels but this is rare. Reference 7 covers reactors in more detail (see also Reactor technology). Reactors provide the means by which chemical reactions occur to transform feedstocks into products. 

Early ia the development of chemical reaction engineering, reactants and products were treated as existing ia single homogeneous phases or several discrete phases. The technology has evolved iato viewing reactants and products as residing ia interdependent environments, a most important factor for multiphase reactors which are the most common types encountered. 

The most important chemical reaction of chi orohydrin s is dehydrochloriaation to produce epoxides. In the case of propylene oxide. The Dow Chemical Company is the only manufacturer ia the United States that still uses the chlorohydrin technology. In 1990 the U.S. propylene oxide production capacity was hsted as 1.43 x 10 t/yr, shared almost equally by Dow and Arco Chemical Co., which uses a process based on hydroperoxide iatermediates (69,70). More recentiy, Dow Europe SA, aimounced a decision to expand its propylene oxide capacity by 160,000 metric tons per year at the Stade, Germany site. This represents about a 40% iacrease over the current capacity (71). 

FIG. 20-62 Comparisons of levels of analysis of chemical reaction and size-enlargement processes. Reprinted from Granulation and Coating Technologies for High-Value-Added Industries, Ennis and Litster (1996) with permission of E G Associates. All rights reserved. 

Vent Sizing Package (VSP) The VSP is an extension of ARC technology. The VSP is a bench-scale apparatus for characterizing runaway chemical reactions. It makes possible the sizing of pressure relief systems with less engineering expertise than is required with the ARC or other methods. 

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