Rapid cell lysis

A md 92.000 90.000 8.1 200 250 T ranspeptidation, transglycosylation for cell wall elongation Rapid cell lysis Cephaloridine... 

The adverse reactions of thiognanine are nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and stomatitis. The rapid cell lysis causes hyperuricemia which should be minimized by taking allopnrinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor which prevents the formation of nric acid. 

McClain et al. [6] demonstrated a simple microchip that integrated cell handling, rapid cell lysis, and electrophoretic separation and detection of fluorescent cytosolic dyes. Cells flowed through a field-free channel under a hydrodynamic force until they entered a chaimel region that introduced both alternating-current (AC) and direct-current (DC) electric fields plus an inflow of detergent (Fig. 2). Cells were lysed and their contents were steered into a separation channel immediately. The analysis throughput up to 15 cells per minute was achieved with continuous flow of cells. 

Exposure of human red blood cells from healthy adult volunteers of either sex to high concentration of HOCl and HOBr (>40 nmol/10 cells) resulted in rapid cell lysis and the detection of an additional nitrogen-centred, protein-derived radical adduct (Hawkins et al. 2001). HOBr induced red blood cell lysis at approximately 10-fold lower concentration than HOCl, whereas with monocyte (HTPl) and macrophage (J774) cells HOCl and HOBr induced lysis at similar concentrations. Erythrocytes exposed to nonlytic doses of HOCl generated novel nitrogen-centred radicals the formation of which is GSH dependent. 

Muronomab-CD3 (OKT-3) is a murine monoclonal antibody that targets the CD3 receptor. The CD3 receptor is only found on activated T cells and medullary thymocytes.10,11,14 After binding with the CD3 receptor, complement-mediated T cell lysis occurs rapidly. This agent is dosed at 5 mg/day. This dose is given daily for 10 to 14 days. Lower doses have been used successfully in liver transplant recipients.14... 

Exit of the virus from the cell occurs as a result of cell lysis. The phage codes for a lytic enzyme, the T4 lysozyme, which causes an attack on the peptidoglycan of the host cell. The burst size of the virus (the average number of phage particies per cell) depends upon how rapidly lysis occurs. If lysis occurs early, then a smaller burst size occurs, whereas slower lysis leads to a higher burst size. The wild type phage exhibits the phenomenon of lysis inhibition, and therefore has a large burst size, but rapid lysis mutants, in which lysis occurs early, show smaller burst sizes. 

A rapid, nondestructive method based on determination of the spatial distribution of ATP, as a potential bioindicator of microbial presence and activity on monuments, artworks, and other samples related to the cultural heritage, was developed [57], After cell lysis, ATP was detected using the bioluminescent firefly luciferin-luciferase system and the method was tested on different kinds of surfaces and matrices. Figure 3 reports the localization of biodeteriogen agents on a marble specimen. Sample geometry is a critical point especially when a quantitative analysis has to be performed however, the developed method showed that with opti-... 

In the case of plankton, cell lysis that occurs shortly after death causes ATP to be released into seawater. Like most biomolecules, ATP is rapidly degraded in seawater by microbes. Thus, high surfece concentrations in Figure 22.5 reflect a rapid supply supported by the high rates of plankton production characteristic of the photic zone. Below the surface, concentrations decrease with increasing depth beneath the photic zone and, hence, distance from the biosynthetic source of the ATP... 

Following their production, the viral components are assembled to form a mature virus particle. The viral genome is encapsulated by viral protein in some cases (e.g. adenovirus, poliovirus), it is not encapsulated. In certain viruses, such as the poxviruses, multiple membranes surround the capsid. Release of the virus from the host cell may be rapid and produce cell lysis and death. A slower process resembling budding may allow the host cell to survive. 

Busulfan is used in the palliative treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia. Daily oral therapy results in decreased peripheral white blood cells and improved symptoms in almost all patients during the chronic phase of the disease. Excessive uric acid production from rapid tumor cell lysis should be prevented by coadministration of allopurinol. 

Proposed mechanism of action of daptomycin. Daptomycin first binds to the cytoplasmic membrane (step 1) and then forms complexes in a calcium-dependent manner (steps 2 and 3). Complex formation causes a rapid loss of cellular potassium, possibly by pore formation, and membrane depolarization. This is followed by arrest of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis resulting in cell death. Cell lysis does not occur. 

Assembly and release. The assembly of the capsid and its association with nucleic acid is then followed by release of the virus front the cell. This may occur in different ways, depending upon the nature of the virus. Naked viruses may be released slowly and extruded without cell lysis, or released rapidly by disruption of the cell membrane. DNA viruses, which mature in the nucleus, tend to accumulate within infected cells over a long period. Enveloped viruses generally acquire their envelope and leave the cell by budding through the nuclear or cytoplasmic membrane at a point where virus-specified proteins have been inserted. The budding process is compatible with cell survival. 

Plasma contains protease inhibitors that rapidly inactivate the coagulation proteins as they escape from the site of vessel injury. The most important proteins of this system are -anti protease, 2-macroglobulin, -antiplasmin, and antithrombin. If this system is overwhelmed, generalized intravascular clotting may occur. This process is called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and may follow massive tissue injury, cell lysis in malignant neoplastic disease, obstetric emergencies such as abruptio placentae, or bacterial sepsis. 

Daptomycin localises to the cell division septum in B. subtilis 34 it causes rapid cell death without lysis,48 causes the formation of aberrant cell wall septa48 and treats biofilms effectively in S. aureus. 9 Daptomycin induces the cell wall stress stimulon in S. aureus and B. subtilis,30 34 but has very poor activity (MIC of 128) against an E. coli imp mutant defective in outer membrane assembly,5 whereas vancomycin, another bulky peptide that normally does not penetrate the outer membrane, has an MIC of 0.8 against E. coli imp.50... 

Tubule obstruction. Given certain physicochemical conditions, crystals can deposit within the tubular lumen. Methotrexate, for example, is relatively insoluble at low pH and can precipitate in the distal nephron when the urine is acid. Similarly the uric acid produced by the metabolism of nucleic acids released during rapid tumour cell lysis can cause a fatal urate nephropathy. This was a particular problem with the introduction of chemotherapy for leukaemias until the introduction of allopurinol it is now routinely given before the start of chemotherapy to block xanthine oxidase so that the much more soluble uric acid precursor, hypoxanthine, is excreted instead. Crystal-nephropathy is also a... 

Bone marrow for transplantation is usually kept cryopre-served in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and residual DMSO may be responsible for toxic reactions in one report, all of a series of 10 patients had falls in heart rate and blood pressure (43). However, other factors, such as cell lysis or rapid intravenous infusion of large volumes, may be responsible. 

Severe reactions to rituximab are rare, but are seen in patients with bulky tumors or with leukemic involvement with high numbers of CD20 positive cells (6,7) and were ascribed to a rapid tumor lysis syndrome (6,8,9). In 11 patients with mahgnant B cell leukemia, first-dose reactions were significantly more severe in patients whose basehne lymphocyte count was higher than 50 X 10 /1 and were also associated with raised peak serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor aha and interleukin-6 (10). 

Generally, capillaries with inner diameters of 5-25 pm are used to inject and analyze single cells in CE. With such small capillaries, several features can be achieved, including low risk of injection of more than one cell at a time, low dilution factors after cell lysis, high resolving power, and rapidity at high electric field strengths. It is important to keep a very small dilution factor, as the... 

It is assumed that the release of LDH occurs rapidly after damage to the cell membrane. However, this assumption is not necessarily correct. The release of LDH can be complete in cells that are considered dead by dye exclusion methods. Alternatively, complete release may occur only upon cell lysis. This point is further complicated because dye exclusion methods do not measure lysed cells. 

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