Burst size

Keiier R A 1998 Singie-moiecuie identification in flowing sampie streams by fluorescence burst size and intraburst fluorescence decay rate Anal. Chem. 70 1444-51... 

The distribution of open channel times is mainly determined by the rate constants S and K (2 is assumed to be very small). Mutations which change the C to O transition (e.g., the burst size of channel opening) have not been characterized yet. However, structural alterations which affect k and thereby the level of steady state inactivation have been described for Sh channels [29,60]. Different splice variants of Sh channels... 

The eclipse is the period during which the stages of virus multiplication occur. This is called the latent period, because no infectious virus particles are evident. Finally, maturation begins as the newly synthesized nucleic acid molecules become assembled inside protein coats. During the maturation phase, the titer of active virus particles inside the cell rises dramatically. At the end of maturation, release of mature virus particles occurs, either as a result of cell lysis or because of some budding or excretion process. The number of virus particles released, called the burst size, will vary with the particular virus and the particular host cell, and can range from a few to a few thousand. The timing of this overall virus replication cycle varies from 20-30 minutes in many bacterial viruses to 8-40 hours in most animal viruses. We now consider each of the steps of the virus multiplication cycle in more detail. 

Exit of the virus from the cell occurs as a result of cell lysis. The phage codes for a lytic enzyme, the T4 lysozyme, which causes an attack on the peptidoglycan of the host cell. The burst size of the virus (the average number of phage particies per cell) depends upon how rapidly lysis occurs. If lysis occurs early, then a smaller burst size occurs, whereas slower lysis leads to a higher burst size. The wild type phage exhibits the phenomenon of lysis inhibition, and therefore has a large burst size, but rapid lysis mutants, in which lysis occurs early, show smaller burst sizes. 

Figure 27. Detailed in vitro mechanism of RNA replication by Q/ -replicase [59]. RNA grows exponentially as long as template concentration is below enzyme concentration. Growth rate becomes constant and hence RNA concentration rises linearly when template concentration exceeds that of enzyme, while, finally, at large template excess, rate decreases down to zero due to enzyme inhibition and template double-strand formation. In these in vitro experiments, Q -replicase is present as environmental factor. In vivo the enzyme is formed during the first 20 rain after infection of host cell followed by RNA replication during second half of infectious cycle. After about 40 min, about a thousand infectious phage particles per cell are released in burst. These thousand infectious particles usually are minor part of total burst size.

Fig. 13.5. Mean burst size and dwell and burst duration as a function of [ATP], (a) The spatial periodicity observed in the average PWD for the low force data in Fig. 13.4b as a function of [ATP]. Error bars represent the standard deviation in a linear fit to the position of each of the peaks in the average PWD. (b) Mean dwell and burst durations for the low force data in Fig. 13.4b as a function of [ATP]. The mean dwell time before the 10-bp bnrsts circles) is well described by a Michaelis-Menten [ATP] dependence solid line). The average bnrst dnration squares) shows no apparent [ATP] dependence, with a mean of 10ms solid line). Modified from [74]...

C. Various systems of casualty and damage assessment have been developed. Such systems are rather involved and depend on many variables such as method and time of delivery, type of burst, size of weapon, weather and climatic conditions, wind direction and speed, fallout dose rate, etc. The gathering and compilation of such data are time consuming and may not be accomplished until many hours after the disaster. The US Army Office of the Surgeon General is developing a system of casualty estimation that will provide rapid and reasonably accurate estimates of the number and types of casualties produced by a given enemy nuclear attack. 

Figure 12 displays the steady-state stability of size-distributions generated with the structured single-cell model. Sixteen cell classes with fifteen cells per class were used. Random processes allowed were variation in "burst size of RP (20%) and in replication velocity (10%). Variation with respect to other criteria are currently being investigated. The stability displayed by the distributions will be acceptable in most potential applications. Clearly other types of distributions (e.g. RNA, DNA, protein, etc.) can be generated from such population runs. 

Bacteriophages with a short latent period and large burst size tend to have the most serious consequences for the fermentation process. Such characteristics... 

FIGURE 2. Assimilation burst size for different irradiances (145 or 1000 /imol m s ) and different CO concentrations. 

Burst size The number of new virions released in the replication process. 

J. Enderlein, D. L. Robbins, W. P. Ambrose, and R. A. Keller, Molecular shot noise, burst size distribution, and singlemolecule detection in fluid flow Effects of multiple occupancy-/. Phys. Ghem. A 102, 6089-6094 (1998)... 

Phage Size (A) a 0 0 C 0 K 4-> Latent period at 37° (min) Burst size at 37° Types of mutants investigated Number of cist-rons established... 

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