Range rating chart

X-/mean-charts 3 Blank value chart 3 Range chart with absolute ranges 3 Range chart with relative ranges 3 Recovery rate chart 3 Differences chart... 

Rating charts are reported by McDowell [1] for different temperature ranges. Figure 6.4 gives an example of a rating chart for one temperature range. The use of this chart is illustrated in the following example. 

Figure 6.4 Countercurrent cooling tower rating chart for 15° range. McDowell [ 1 ] provides a family of charts for different ranges.

The rating charts of a cooling tower relate operating conditions (range, approach and wet bulb temperature) to the water loading at which the tower will meet the various conditions. A water loading is expressed in terms of gpm per square foot. The area refers to the plan area of the filled volume of the tower. Water loading is more... 

Rating charts of all towers are similar in form, but variations in design are seen as variations in the required area per gpm. These variations are minimized by considering a tower imit as the area required to cool 1 gpm when operating at 90° F hot water, 80°F cold water and 70°F wet bulb temperatures. Abbreviated as 90/80/70, this relationship corresponds to a 10° F range and 10° F approach to a 70°F wet bulb temperature. 

Fire monitors are used to direa streams of water to burning pieces of equipment in a plant. Before monitors are selected and located, several faaors must be considered. Fire monitors are lever operated, have a full 360° range, and may be locked in any desired position. They may be located at grade, approximately 4 ft (1,200 mm) above the ground, elevated to heights of 100 ft (30 m) or more, or mounted on a hydrant. The spray pattern of fire monitors depends on water pressure and flow rate. If vendor data is not available when preliminary fire water layouts are made, the chart in Exhibit 13-30 can be used to determine the effective fire water monitor range. This chart is based on a water pressure of 150 psi and a flow rate at the nozzle of 500 gpm. 

Generalized charts are appHcable to a wide range of industrially important chemicals. Properties for which charts are available include all thermodynamic properties, eg, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy and PVT data, compressibiUty factors, Hquid densities, fugacity coefficients, surface tensions, diffusivities, transport properties, and rate constants for chemical reactions. Charts and tables of compressibiHty factors vs reduced pressure and reduced temperature have been produced. Data is available in both tabular and graphical form (61—72). 

Breakeven charts present a snapshot of the present situation by means of graphs which are generally drawn in the manner shown in Figs. 9-2, 9-3, and 9-4. Since the lines are straight, this implies that Cs, Cy , and Aee will remain constant over the range of variation of R, which is of interest. The values would be based on the production rate currently achieved (or scheduled), since all the data are available from... 

The method is strictly accurate for solid, spherical particles of a limited size range and becomes progressively less accurate with increasing particle diameter, with increasing departure from the spherical shape, or with increasing porosity The rate of air flow may be determined directly from charts supplied by the manufacturers or calculated from Stokes equation as follows ... 

Moreover, the thermal nitration of various aromatic substrates with different X-PyNO cations shows the strong rate dependence on the acceptor strength of X-PyNO and the aromatic donor strength. This identifies the influence of the HOMO-LUMO gap in the EDA complexes (see Chart 3), and thus provides electron-transfer activation as the viable mechanistic basis for the aromatic nitration. Indeed, the graphic summary in Fig. 18 for toluene nitration depicts the isomeric composition of o-, m- and p-nitrotoluene to be singularly invariant over a wide range of substrate selectivities (k/kQ based on the benzene... 

Fig. 26. Bar charts relate the influence of different chelates in [Os(r 6-arene)Cl(XY)]n+ (XY = NJV- N,0- or 0,0-) on cytotoxicity, stability with respect to hydroxido-dimer formation, hydrolysis rates, and pKa of the aqua adduct for osmium-arene complexes. Shading indicates the range in observed values. Adapted from Ref. (III).

Paper data from instrument charts such as strip chart recorders and disk recorders should be controlled immediately after the occurrence. Strip charts and disk recorders will not all turn at exactly the same rate, so checking the turn rate can be critical in comparing the charts. The measurement range and units for each pen must also be ascertained. For crucial charts, it may be necessary to perform a check of the calibration. If... 

Moreover, for patients who show a wide range of cycle frequencies (as is typical for bipolar illness), this strategy is likely to avoid many of the pitfalls associated with a high rate of placebo response, actually attributable to the natural course of illness and highly predictable on the basis of systematic retrospective and prospective life charting (Post et al. 1988 Squillace et al. 1984). 

The middle third of the chart (from 1000 to 2000 °K) contains materials that are explosive and have NFPA ratings that range... 

Repeat chromatograms in GPC should agree within 2%. However, the chromatogram is sensitive to such experimental conditions as (a) resolution of the columns, (b) range of porosities of the column packings, (c) flow rate of solvent, and (d) age of detectors. It is recommended that the laboratory use control charts to determine the optimal conditions of the instrument. 

Corrosion rates are expressed in terms of inches per year of surface wastage and are used to provide a corrosion allowance in the design thickness of equipment such as vessels and pipes. Operators will often use data based on historical experience from plant operations to aid them in determining appropriate corrosion allowances. Alternatively, corrosion charts are widely available that give corrosion rates for many combinations of materials of construction and process fluids, and normally a range of values will be provided for various process temperatures. In some instances, particularly where there is a mixture of chemicals present, appropriate data may not exist and corrosion tests may be necessary in order to determine the suitability of equipment. Operators should be able to demonstrate the use of corrosion allowances in equipment specification and design. The sources of data used should be traceable. 

The corresponding relative humidities and wet bulb temperatures and corresponding humidities Hs are read off a psychrometric chart. The equilibrium moisture is found from the relative humidity by Eq. (2). The various corrections to the rate are applied in Eq. (3). The results are tabulated, and the time is found by integration of the rate data over the range 0.1 < W < 1.16. 

Tower performance is specified in terms of the cooling tower s range, approach, wet-bulb temperature and water rate. The rating of a tower is established by developing a series of charts that relates these variables. 

Figure 1. Value at stake over range 0-100% free allocation. The chart shows value at stake (see text) relative to total value-added by sector, plotted against UK trade intensity. The bars span the range from (NVAS) 100% free allocation, to (MVAS) the theoretical impact of zero free allocation or equivalent carbon tax. Results are for a carbon price of 15 /tC02 and an electricity cost pass-through that increases power prices by lO/MWh, consistent with a coal-dominated power system (CCGTs could roughly halve this rate of electricity price impact for the same carbon price). Scaling the electricity price moves the lower point of the bars in proportion scaling the carbon price scales the length in proportion.

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