Graphical Summary

There are a number of other books which provide concise graphical summaries of multistep synthetic sequences leading to complex naturally occurring molecules. This literature includes references 1-7 which follow. 

As a graphic summary of the properties of the three distributions, illustrative binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions (the latter unique for the N chosen) have been plotted in Figure 10-2. 

Moreover, the thermal nitration of various aromatic substrates with different X-PyNO cations shows the strong rate dependence on the acceptor strength of X-PyNO and the aromatic donor strength. This identifies the influence of the HOMO-LUMO gap in the EDA complexes (see Chart 3), and thus provides electron-transfer activation as the viable mechanistic basis for the aromatic nitration. Indeed, the graphic summary in Fig. 18 for toluene nitration depicts the isomeric composition of o-, m- and p-nitrotoluene to be singularly invariant over a wide range of substrate selectivities (k/kQ based on the benzene... 

Now we consider the isomer shift, which was first identified correctly by Kistner and Sunyar in 1960 in studying (15) the ferric oxide-stainless steel spectrum. A graphical summary of the origin of the isomer shift is given in Figure 7. The isomer shift arises from the fact that the nucleus is not a point source but interacts as a region of charge space... 

Societal risks are single number measures, tabular sets of numbers, or graphical summaries that estimate risk to a group of people located in the effected zone of an incident. Since major incidents have the potential to affect many people, societal risk is a measure of risk to a group of people. It is most often expressed in terms of the frequency distribution of multiple casualty events, such as the F-N curve shown in Figure 6-5. The calculation of societal risk requires the same frequency and consequence information as individual risk. Additionally,... 

This volume is a compilation of solvent-free organic reactions, covering important papers published during the past two decades. It contains graphical summaries of 537 examples of solvent-free organic reactions and is divided into 14 chapters ... 

Fig. 23 A graphical summary of liquid crystal nanoscience summarized in this review. This chart shows the link between nanoparticles (their size, shape, and coating) and liquid crystals, effects induced in liquid crystal phases, as well as nanoparticle mesomorphism (NP nanoparticle, LC liquid crystal, QD quantum dot)...

Figu re 3.8 Graphical summary of the thermal risks linked to the performance of an industrial process. 

A graphical summary of the developed organocatalytic hydrocyanation methods and comparison of their main key features are given in Scheme 5.11. 

Air emissions testing data from five facilities were evaluated for this report. The results are summarized here, by pollutant. The most extensive testing was performed by WP L, who tested criteria pollutants, heavy metals, dioxins and furans, and other organic compounds. Table 6-2 summarizes test data for all criteria pollutants at WP L.18 Ohio Edison tested particulate, S02, NOx, and lead emissions results from this whole tire test are provided in Table 6-3.12 Illinois Power tested PM, metals, and S02 their emissions data are summarized in Table 6-4.4 In 1979, United Power Association performed two TDF tests at their Minnesota facility, and conducted air emissions tests during the first test burn for particulate, NOx, SOz, sulfuric acid, and chloride.17 These emission results are summarized in Table 6-5.17 Northern States Power tested TDF in their wood-fired utility boiler in 1982, without much success.9 Their emissions data are summarized in Table 6-6.9 Comparisons of the data from these plants are provided in the pollutant specific discussions that follow the Northern States Power data are not included with graphical summaries of the other four facilities, because its boiler is wood fired, while the other four co-fire the TDF with coal. 

Figure 2.1.6 Graphic summary of alternative approaches to alkanes starting from cellulose and hemicellulose, respectively.

Figure 4.32. Graphical summary of validation indicators for file VALIDl.dat. In this depiction, the typical trumpet form (A, E) of the c.o.v./CL curves is seen the fact that there is a spread toward the right-hand edge (C) suggests that the measurement errors grow in a slightly over-proportional fashion with the concentration. The narrowing down of the "trumpet at the lowest concentration (D) is a sign that due to the proximity to the LOD, the measurement distribution is not truly Gaussian but has the low side clipped. The data points for the lowest concentration (10 ng/ml) are off scale (-r31.2 -r65.9), while the fourth-smallest con-...

An investigation of a three product combination was conducted in the Decatur Chamber. A linear relationship with a correlation cofficient (R ) of 0.99 indicated the empirical relationship established for a two product combination also holds for a three wood product combination. Figure 11 presents a graphical summary of the observed data in Table XI. 

One measure of accuracy is the likelihood ratio (LR) [17]. The likelihood ratio is based on the relationship between the true positive fraction and the false positive fraction. Thus, LR = TPF/FPF. Substituting terms, the LR = sensitivity/(1-specificity). Receiver-operating characteristic curves are graphical summaries of likeli-... 

Figure 17.3.2 Detection limits, sampling depth, and spot size for several surface spectroscopic techniques. XRP (x-ray fluorescence) EMP (electron microprobe) EEL (electron energy loss), SAM (scanning Auger microprobe) STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy). Other abbreviations in Figure 17.3.1. This figure is meant to provide a graphic summary of the relative capabilities of different methods modem instmments have somewhat better quantitative performance characteristics than the 1986 values given here. [From A. J. Bard, Integrated Chemical Systems, Wiley, New York, 1994, pp. 103, with permission adapted from Texas Instmments Materials Characterizations Capabilities, Texas Instmments, Richardson, TX, 1986, with permission.]...

Some features that differentially affect the inhibitory properties of podophyllotoxin analogs have been identified. A graphical summary of these features is shown in Fig. (14). As a rule, compounds with 4a configuration tend to be quite cytotoxic and inhibit microtubule... 

Fig. 3 Graphical summary of the information content of EPR spectroscopic methods on nitroxide radicals and a summary of the length and time scales of interest...

A graphic summary of variation in a set of data is a histogram (Figure 54.4). The pictorial nature of the histogram lets people see patterns that are difficult to see in a simple table of numbers. The histogram is one of the seven tools of quality. 

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