Raman spectroscopy scattering

Raman scattering in solids occurs as a result of modulation of the electronic polarizabihty induced by elementary excitations, such as phonons and 

1) Note that in case of growth of polar GaN on non-( plane sapphire substrate, for ecample c-plane GaN on o-plane sapphire, the strain in the GaN basal plane will also be anisotropic [17, 29]. 

Because of the momentum conservation rule during the light scattering process, first-order Raman scattering is caused by phonons at the Brillouin zone center. The Raman scattering efficiency S with polarization detection is given by  

Ellipsometry, in general, determines the complex ratio p of linearly independent electric field components of polarized electromagnetic plane 

In the standard ellipsometry situation 1 and A do not depend on the polarization state of the incident plane waves, which are then defined as 

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Cho M 1997 Off-resonant coherent hyper-Raman scattering spectroscopy J. Chem. Phys. 106 7550-7... 

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy... 

Raman scattering spectroscopy is used to probe the vibrational excitations of a sample, by measuring the wavelength change of a scattered monochromatic light beam. This is usually performed by impinging a monochromatic laser beam to the sample surface, and by recording the scattered beam spectrum. 

Nabiev, I., Chourpa, I., and Manfait, M. (1994) Applications of Raman and surface-enhanced Raman-scattering spectroscopy in medicine, J. Raman Spectrosc. 25, 13-23. 

Figure 5.17. Electrical resistivity and Raman scattering spectroscopy of doped-Si films formed from the copolymerized solution. [Reproduced with permission from Ref. 25. Copyright 2007 The Japan Society of Applied Physics.]...

Kitahara, K. Yamazaki, R. Kurosawa, T. Nakajima, K. Moritani, A. 2002. Analysis of stress in laser-crystallized polysilicon thin films by Raman scattering spectroscopy. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41 5055-5059. 

The electrochemical cell used in our laboratory has been fully described elsewhere (5). The cell body is made of chemically inert Kel-F and the electrode is mounted on a piston so that its surface can be pushed to the optical window, to a spacing of the order of 1-3 microns, in order to minimize the signal from the bulk electrolyte. For Raman scattering spectroscopy the window is of flat fused quartz, and the exciting laser beam is incident at about 60°. The scattered light is collected off-normal, but the geometry is not critical for SERS due to the high sensitivity. Details on the SERS measurements in our laboratory have been reported previously (6,7). 

Lim, S. H., Gaster, A. G., and Leone, S. R. 2005. Single-pulse coherently controlled nonlinear Raman scattering spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 72 0418031. 

Kamga, F. M., and Sceats, M. G. 1980. Pulse-sequenced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy A method for suppression of the nonresonant background. Opt. Lett. 5(3) 126-28. 

Direct methods are based on an intrinsic property of the glucose molecule and the measurement of this property. The best example of a direct measurement is vibrational spectroscopy as implemented by near-infrared absorption spectroscopy or Raman scattering spectroscopy. A summary of the major methods is provided in Section 12.5. 

Table 3.4 summarizes the phonon-mode frequencies of ZnO bulk samples and ZnO thin films, as obtained by Raman scattering spectroscopy, IR-reflection measurements, and IRSE. 

Kamada K, Ueda M, Ohta K, Wang Y, Ushida K, Tominaga Y. Molecular dynamics of thiophene homologues investigated by femtosecond optical Kerr effect and low frequency Raman scattering spectroscopies. J Chem Phys 1998 109 10948-10957. 

Because macroporous materials have 3D periodicity on a length scale comparable to the wavelength of visible light, 3DOM materials have potential use as photonic crystals. Other potential applications include catalysts, bioglasses, sensors, and substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS). ... 

Chen J, Jiang J, Gao X, Liu G, Shen G, Yu R (2008) A new aptameric biosensor for cocaine based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. Chemistry 14(27) 8374—8382... 

Nonlinear Raman scattering spectroscopy is a multiphoton spectroscopy that enables access to vibrationally excited molecular levels. Through nonlinear optical processes, this technique allows us to study rich molecular information which cannot be reached by linear optical method. 

Nonlinear Raman Scattering Spectroscopy for Carbon Nanomaterials... 

Ikeda K, Uosaki K (2009) Coherent phonon dynamics in single-walled carbon nanotubes studied by time-frequency two-dimensional coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. Nano Lett 9 1378... 

Moyer PJ, Schmidt J, Eng LM, Meixner AJ, Sandmann G, Dietz H, Plieth W (2000) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy of single carbon domains on individual Ag nanoparticles on a 25 ms time scale. J Am Soc 122 5409... 

Daniels JK, Caldwell TP, Christensen KA, Chumanov G (2006) Monitoring the kinetics of Bacillus subtilis endospore germination via surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. Anal Chem 78 1724-1729... 

The Raman techniques combined with AEM microscopic imaging, as for instance TERS (tip-enhanced Raman scattering) spectroscopy [27], allow to analyze surface nanostructures beyond the diffraction limit, but the cost of the instrumental apparatus is not affordable for any research laboratory. Therefore, in this chapter, the results obtained with those techniques will not be presented, though they increased Raman enhancement factors by up to lO, with the possibility of single-molecule detection. Conversely, confocal micro-Raman apparatus is affordable to every research group allowing SERS investigations with more comparable results. 

The aim of present work is to study the structure and depth distribution of the ion-synthesized nc-Si in Si02 and AI2O3 layers by the available nondestructive techniques of Raman scattering spectroscopy. 

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