Cocaine base

Cosgrove K., Carroll M. Effects of bremazocine on self-administration of smoked cocaine base and orally delivered ethanol, phencyclidine, saccharin, and food in rhesus monkeys a behavioral economic analysis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 301 Jun 2002, 2002. 

The hydrochloride salt is inhaled or injected. It can be converted to cocaine base (crack or rock) and smoked to achieve almost instant absorption and intense euphoria. Tolerance to the high develops quickly. The high from snorting can last 15 to 30 minutes the high from smoking can last 5 to 10 minutes. 

Cocaine has structural and pharmacological similarities to the active constituents of belladonna and jimson weed and can likewise space you out in very undesirable ways, expecially if used frequently. Also, as with every drug, some people are very sensitive to it and can become paranoid, etc. with very little exposure. Cocaine base ( free base ) is much more euphorigenic than cocaine and consequently much more damaging. It seems to have the addictive pull of heroin for many users and is probably best avoided. 

Cocaine base (paste) to cocaine hydrochloride Step 3 ... 

Freebase cocaine and crack cocaine, each containing cocaine base, are prepared from cocaine hydrochloride by adding ammonia and ether or sodium bicarbonate and heat, respectively. Applying heat to evaporate the ether can cause the ether to ignite, which can cause severe burns. In preparing crack cocaine, the... 

Over 99 per cent of all dismantled clandestine laboratories in 2005 were in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. This shows that almost the complete cocaine production chain, from coca paste to cocaine base and finally cocaine HCI, is located close to the cultivation areas in the three countries. An analysis by type of laboratory reveals that laboratories in Bolivia and Peru, with very few exceptions, produced coca paste and cocaine base, whereas in Colombia a substantial number of laboratories produced cocaine HCI. Preliminary figures for 2006 show a similar pattern. 

For the fourth year in a row, Colombia topped the ranking of the world s largest cocaine seizures. It seized 217 mt of cocaine hydrochloride (HC1) and cocaine base in 2005, equivalent to 29 per cent of the world total and an increase from 19 per cent in 1995. Seizures in Colombia increased by 16 per cent from a year earlier, representing the highest cocaine seizures ever reported by a country. In 2005, the interception rate 2 of cocaine produced in Colombia rose to 29 per cent, up from 25 per cent in 2004 and 13 per cent in 2000, clearly reflecting continued enforcement efforts in the country. 

Life-time prevalence Cocaine base/paste Cocaine HCI... 

Coca cultivators do not create the finished drug, however. The processing of cocaine base into cocaine hydrochloride requires a laboratory of some sophistication, so these are generally operated by specialists, not... 

Fig. 5 Regional prices of cocaine base and cocaine in September 2005...

The use of the concept of potential production at the country level also means that actual heroin or cocaine production is under-estimated in some countries, and over-estimated in others while the estimate for the global level should be only slightly affected by this. The calculation of potential cocaine production estimates for Peru, for instance, exceeds actual local cocaine production as some of the coca paste or coca base produced in Peru is exported to neighbouring Colombia and other countries for further processing into cocaine. Based on the same reasoning, potential cocaine production estimates for Colombia under-estimate actual cocaine production in the country. Actual cocaine manufacture in Colombia takes place from locally produced coca leaf as well as from coca base imported from Peru. 

The CSA also provides a system of penalties for drug possession or trafficking. The basic penalty for possession of a controlled substance is up to one year in prison plus a minimum fine of 1,000. This increases to up to three years and 5,000 for a third offense (counting previous convictions under state law). There are special higher penalties for possession of certain substances such as a mixture or substance which contains cocaine base, starting at up to three years and a fine of 5,000. 

Bolivia has experienced a decline in cocaine production, from 240 metric tons in 1995 to 60 metric tons in 2001, a reduction of 75 percent. However, Bolivia s poorly controlled border regions make it a major route for transit for a Peruvian cocaine base, mainly destined for Brazil. 

Perez-Reyes et al.8 estimated that only 32% of a dose of cocaine base placed in a pipe is actually inhaled by the smoker. Cone9 compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cocaine by the intravenous, intranasal, and smoked routes of administration in the same subjects. Venous plasma cocaine concentrations peaked within 5 min by the intravenous and smoked routes. Estimated peak cocaine concentrations ranged from 98 to 349 ng/ml and 154 to 345 ng/ml after intravenous administration of 25-mg cocaine hydrochloride and 42-mg cocaine base by the smoked route, respectively. After dosing by the intranasal route (32 mg cocaine hydrochloride) estimated peak plasma cocaine concentrations ranged from 40 to 88 ng/ml after 0.39 to 0.85 h.9 In this study, the average bioavailability of cocaine was 70.1% by the smoked route and 93.7% by the intranasal route. Jenkins et al.10 described the correlation between pharmacological effects and plasma cocaine concentrations in seven volunteers after they had smoked 10 to 40 mg cocaine. The mean plasma... 

Cocaine (Schedule I) Cocaine Base (Schedule I) Fentanyl (Schedule I) Fentanyl Analogue (Schedule I)... 

Grant, F. W., Martin, W. C. and Quackenbush, R. W., A simple sensitive specific filed test for cocaine based on the recognition of the odour of methyl benzoate as a test product , Bull. Narcotics, 27(2), 33-35 (1975). 

The difference between the QM/MM-calculated energy barriers for the rate-determining steps of the two enzymatic reaction systems is consistent with the experimental observation that the fccat value (1.6 x 10" s ) [124] for AChE-catalyzed hydrolysis of ACh was about 150-fold larger than that (fccat = 1.07 X 10 s ) [97] for BChE-catalyzed hydrolysis of (+)-cocaine. Based on the widely used classical transition-state theory (CTST) [125], the experimental fccat difference of 150-fold suggests an energy barrier difference of 3.0 kcal/mol when T = 298.15 K, which is in good agreement with the calculated barrier difference of 3.7 kcal/mol [113]. 

Chen J, Jiang J, Gao X, Liu G, Shen G, Yu R (2008) A new aptameric biosensor for cocaine based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. Chemistry 14(27) 8374—8382... 

In a collaborative study on the quantitative determination of cocaine hydrochloride in powders and tablets that also contain other drugs (i.a. caffeine, procaine hydrochloride and benzocaine) as well as lactose, mannitol and starch, the free cocaine base was extracted with chloroform from an aqueous solution after addition of KjHPO. Tetracosane was added... 

Snyder, C.A. Wood, R.W. Graefe, J.F. Bowers, A. and Magar, K. "Crack smoke" is a respirable aerosol of cocaine base. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29-.93-95, 1988. 

In Bolivia, cocaine production began to grow in the final quarter of the twentieth century, when landowners who had previously focused on farming soybeans and sugar or grazing cattle on their land instead turned their attention to the harvesting of coca plants. Control soon concentrated in the hands of a few powerful families, who used coca produced locally, as well as paste imported from Peru, and transformed it into the 90 percent pure cocaine base that is then exported, principally to Colombia. 

You may already have your own ideas about cocaine, based on information you ve read in this book, learned from other sources, or even heard from friends or family members. What do other teens think about cocaine ... 

Figure 3.3 Schematic representation of the colorimetric detection of cocaine based on cocaine-induced disassembly of NP aggregates linked by a cocaine aptamer. (Reprinted from Reference [16], Copyright Wiley-VHC Verlag GmbH. Reproduced with permission.)...

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