Threat Reduction

In the same vein, customs officials have stated that it is impossible to inspect all the containers entering the United States—in fact, currently only 2 percent of 

Chemicals in transport are frequently placed in storage tanks pending transfer to barges, ships, or tank trucks. Storage tanks are also used at manufacturing and 

Approximately 1 million 8 ft x 8 ft containers enter the United States monthly, and only 2 percent of them are inspected in any way before delivery. These uninspected containers could hold nuclear weapons, contaminated items, biological weapons, or dissemination devices. How can these items be prevented from entering the country  

Finally, the potential of threat is reduced if hazardous materials are less available. In this vein, more work is needed on process intensification and process 

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Threats to chemical facilities from radioactive contamination could involve two major scenarios. First, the facility or its assets could be contaminated, preventing workers from accessing and operating the facility/assets. Second, the feed water supply could be contaminated. These two scenarios require different threat reduction strategies. The first scenario requires that facilities monitor for radioactive substances as they are brought on-site the second requires that feed water assets be monitored for radioactive contamination. While the effects of radioactive contamination are basically the same under both threat types, each of these threats requires different types of radiation monitoring and different types of equipment. 

DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency REA RCRA facility assessment... 

Company (WDC) (formerly Raytheon Demilitarization Company, the Army s prime contractor for JACADS) U.S. Army Pacific (US ARP AC) U.S. Army Chemical Activity-Pacific (USACAP) U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region IX (San Francisco) the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) the U.S. Air Eorce and the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The role of the IPT is to facilitate communication between and among all interested parties to bring into existence overall policies and procedures for achieving the acceptable closure of the JACADS facility. 

In the Department of Defense, the Department of the Army (the major tenant) and the Department of the Air Force (the current steward) will play lead roles in various aspects of closure. Another defense agency, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, has been responsible for cleaning up the plutonium on Johnston Island. Although the Air Force is the current steward for the island, it will probably not be the agency ultimately responsible for the overall atoll and therefore is not in a position to make final determinations about end use. 

Acknowledgments This review was supported by the ISTC Partner Program Grant G-1467 and the UK Global Threat Reduction Programme. 

Research on deoxyribozymes in the Silverman laboratory is supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, with previous support from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the March of Dimes, the ACS Petroleum Research Fund, and the University of Illinois. Research on deoxyribozymes in the Baum laboratory is supported by Saint Louis University. 

On a more cautionary note, opposition from citizens groups could embolden those who seek to limit the effectiveness of the CWC or other international agreements. If there is strong, vocal and well-established opposition at home that is already blaming the CWC, such sentiment could be co-opted as a tool to erode its effectiveness. One can imagine homeland opposition incorporated as part of the litany of motives for decreasing funding for cooperative threat reduction to aid Russia s chemical weapons destruction efforts. 

The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors, and are not to be construed as reflecting the views of the Department of Defense, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, or the US Air Force. 

NATHAN H. JOHNSON, PhD Program Manager, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 8725 John J. Kingman Drive (CBM), Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA... 

We acknowledge financial support from the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) through the US Army Research Office (ARO). 

Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. 2001. Report of the Defense Science Board/Threat Reduction Advisory Committee Task Force on Biological Defense, Washington, D.C., June, p. v. 

Deputy Secretary of Defense John Hamre creates the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) to encourage improved focus and effectiveness in coming to terms with the threat of WMD. 

Brooks, L.F. 1999. Report on CNA Tasks for the Project on Integrated NBC Defense for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Defense Threat Reduction Agency Annual Conference, CME 0599061900, Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, Va., June. 

Defense Science Board Defense Threat Reduction Agency... 

T E TARA TIC TIM TRAC TTPs testing and evaluation Technology Area Review and Assessment (panel) toxic industrial chemical toxic industrial material Threat Reduction Advisory Committee tactics, techniques, and procedures... 

The authors wish to thank the Joint Science and Technology Office of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency for their support of this project. 

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