Carbon nanocapsules

Hwang [2] grafted polyaniline onto carbon nanocapsules having a diameter between 3-lOOnm using ammonium persulfate and hydrochloric acid. 

Hwang [2] functionalized nanocapsules with polyaniline as a method for dispersing carbon nanocapsules. 

Making use of constrained polymerisation of divinylbenzene on surfactant-modified colloid silica, Jang and Lim prepared carbon nanocapsules and mesocellular foams. Later, they reported that mesoporous carbons with highly uniform and tunable mesopores were fabricated by one-step vapour deposition polymerisation using colloidal silica nanoparticles as template and polyacrylonitrile as carbon precursor. Hampsey et al. recently reported the synthesis of spherical mesoporous carbons via an aerosol-based, one-step approach using colloidal silica particles and/or silicate clusters as template. ... 

H.-C. Huang, G.-L. Huang, H.-L. Chen, and Y.-D. Lee. Immobilization of Ti02 nanoparticles on carbon nanocapsules for photovoltaic applications. Thin Solid Films, 511-512 203-207, July 2006. 

FIGURE 8.63 Transmission and scanning electron microscope images of PPy nanoparticles and hollow nanospheres (a) soluble PPy nanoparticles fabricated using 0.45 M DeTAB (b) linear PPy/crosslinked PPy core/shell nanoparticles (c) PPy nanocapsules (d) carbon nanocapsules (inset a HRTEM image of the wall). (From Jang, J.S., Li, X.L., and Oh, J.H., Chem. Commun., 794, 2004. With permission.)... 

Jang, J.S., X.L. Li, and J.H. Oh. 2004. Facile fabrication of polymer and carbon nanocapsules using polypyrrole core/shell nanomaterials. Chem Commun 794. 

FIGU RE 29.10 XRD of rounded vertex carbon nanocapsules of uranium and gadolinium dicarbides showing the deconvolution of the interlayer (0,0,2) peaks of (1) nanocapsules, (2) rounded vertex nanocapsules, and (3) graphite. 

Nuclear applications of nanocapsules are related to the emitting physical properties of the encapsulated material. Emitted radiation can be electromagnetic of high energy (y), electrons or positrons (/3), alpha particles (" He nucleus), or fission products [67]. These emitters can be in themselves radioactive or can be activated by a nuclear reaction, usually a neutron capture. The particular advantage of carbon nanocapsules in nuclear applications is related to the protective characteristics that the carbon capsule confers to the interior product. Experiments on irradiation of fullerenes have shown that knocked carbon atoms from one cage are foimd in another fuUerene and even form dimers and trimers by a recoil-implantation mechanism [68]. The observed major damage of capsules in nanoencapsulated molybdenum irradiated in a nuclear reactor was produced by... 

Nuclear applications of carbon nanocapsules with radioactive materials inside are in the very early steps of investigation. Because of time-consumming experiments, post-irradiation analysis, protocols, complex interdisciplinary work, and the usual requirement of big facilities to be employed, make advances very punctual. Feasibility studies are usually done to a deeper stage than in other areas of activity to balance research investment. Surely, results wiU be as promising as in other disciplines of nanotechnology. 

Salto, Y., Okuda, M., Yoshikawa, T., Kasuya, A., and Nishina, Y., Correlation between volatility of rare-earth and encapsulation of their carbides in carbon nanocapsules, J. Phys. Chem., 98,6696-6698, 1994. 

Saito, Y., Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanocapsules encaging metal and carbide crystallites, in Fullerenes Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials, Kadish, K. and Ruoff, R. Eds., The Electrochemical lYoceedings Series, Pennington, NJ, 1994, pp. 1419-1447, (PV 94-24). 

Saito, Y., Nishikubo, K., Kawabata, K., and Matsumoto, T., Carbon nanocapsules and single-layered nanotubes produced with platinum-group metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt) by arc discharge, J. Appl. Phys., 80 (5), 3062-3067, 1996,... 

PPy consists of five-membered cycUc rings with crosshnking structures (a,a-/Q ,/3-links). Accordingly, PPy has been shown to be an excellent precursor for fabricating various graphitic carbon nanomaterials such as a carbon nanosphere [146], carbon nanocapsule [84,223],CNT [172,249],mesoporous... 

Kim S, Shibata E, Sergiienko R, Nakamura T (2008) Purification and Separation of Carbon Nanocapsules as a Magnetic Carrier for Drug Delivery Systems. Carbon 46 1523-1529. 

Mamezaki, O., Adachi, H., Tomita, S., Fujii, M., Hayashi, S., 2000, Thin films of carbon nanocapsules and onion-fike graphitic particles prepared by the cosputtering method, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39, 6680-6683. 

Sano, N., Akazawa, H., Kikuchi, T, Kanki, T, 2003, Separated synthesis of iron-included carbon nanocapsules and nanotubes by pyrolysis of ferrocene in pure hydrogen. Carbon 41, 2159-2162. 

Some works on sPS are present, but essentially they regard the incorporation of organophilic clays (Park et al., 2001) and the characterization of sPS/clay nanocomposites with respect to the crystallization behavior (Tseng, Lee, and Chang, 2001 Wu et al., 2004), mechanical properties (Ho Kim et al., 2004), and moldability by means of injection-molding process (Sorrentino, Pantani, and Brucato, 2006). A work on the reinforcing of sPS by means of carbon nanocapsules is also present (Wang et al., 2008). 

Wang, C., C. L. Huang, Y. C. Chen, G. L. Hwang, and S. J. Tsai. 2008. Carbon nanocapsules-reinforced syndiotactic polystyrene nanocomposites Crystallization and morphological features. Polymer A9 (25) (November) 5564—5574. doi 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.09.057. http //hnkinghub.elsevier.eom/retrieve/pii/S0032386108008409. 

Pedersen, T. G., Flindt, C., Pedersen, J., Mortensen, N. A., Jauho, A.-P., 8c Pedersen, K. (2008). Graphene antidot lattices Designed defects and spin qubits. Physical Review Letters, 100,136804. Pekoz, R., 8c Erkoc, S. (2008). Quantum chemical treatment of Li/Li" doped defected carbon nanocapsules. Physica E, 40, 2752. 

Shanmugam, S. and Osaka, T. 2011. Efficient electrocatalytic oxygen reduction over metal free-nitrogen doped carbon nanocapsules. Chem. Commun. 47 4463-4465. 

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