Biology future

Hagen, U. 1990. Molecular radiation biology future aspects. Radiation Environ. Biophys. 29 315-322. Hakanson, L. and T. Andersson. 1992. Remedial measures against radioactive caesium in Swedish lake fish after Chernobyl. Aquat. Sci. 54 141-164. 

It is high time that the social implications of our genetic knowledge be discussed. Early eugenics was crude, oversimplified, and got confused in various dubious (and in some cases disastrous) political movements. I hope we are ready for a more mature consideration of eugenics and euphenics as complementary possibilities. It may well be that the second century of Mendelism will mark the beginning of a serious and informed consideration of the extent to which man can and should influence his biological future, with full deliberation on both the opportunities and the risks. (1965 372)25... 

Our work is targeted to biomolecular simulation applications, where the objective is to illuminate the structure and function of biological molecules (proteins, enzymes, etc) ranging in size from dozens of atoms to tens of thousands of atoms today, with the desire to increase this limit to millions of atoms in the near future. Such molecular dynamics (MD) simulations simply apply Newton s law to each atom in the system, with the force on each atom being determined by evaluating the gradient of the potential field at each atom s position. The potential includes contributions from bonding forces. 

The human genome sequence has been called the book of life and more modestly a tool box and an instruction manual Regardless of what we call it it promises a future characterized by a fuller understanding of human biology and medical science... 

Matsuo, T., Caprioli, R.M., Gross, M.L., and Seyama, Y, Biological Mass Spectrometry Present and Future, Wiley, New York, 1994. 

P. Handler, Biology and the Future ofiMan, Oxford University Press, New York, 1970. 

If there is a biologically timed bomb, it must lie in the accumulation in the soil s organic matter of nitrogen that will be released as nitrate by microbes at some unknown time in the future. The calculations made in the previous section suggest that, when nitrogen fertilizer is given in excess of the needs of the crop, a... 

Bl) The metrics effect is very significant in special theoretical examples, like a freely joined chain. In simulations of polymer solutions of alkanes, however, it only slightly affects the static ensemble properties even at high temperatures [21]. Its possible role in common biological applications of MD has not yet been studied. With the recently developed fast recursive algorithms for computing the metric tensor [22], such corrections became affordable, and comparative calculations will probably appear in the near future. 

This volume thus presents a current and comprehensive account of computational methods and their application to biological macromolecules. We hope that it will serve as a useful tool to guide future investigations of proteins, nucleic acids, and biological membranes, so that the mysteries of biological molecules can continue to be revealed. 

SIMS is one of the most powerful surface and microanalytical techniques for materials characterization. It is primarily used in the analysis of semiconductors, as well as for metallurgical, and geological materials. The advent of a growing number of standards for SIMS has gready enhanced the quantitative accuracy and reliability of the technique in these areas. Future development is expected in the area of small spot analysis, implementation of post-sputtering ionization to SIMS (see the articles on SALI and SNMS), and newer areas of application, such as ceramics, polymers, and biological and pharmaceutical materials. 

Anyway, it is clear that the fmdings obtained in these artificial transport systems do contribute to the understanding of biological phenomena and point the way to possible practical applications, such as the separation of ions. Accordingly, the development of synthetic ionophores which possess high selectivity for specific cations is expected to gain importance in the future. 

Up to this point, we ve viewed molecules primarily in a two-dimensional way and have given little thought to any consequences that might arise from the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules. Now it s time to add a third dimension to our study. Stereochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the three-dimensional aspects of molecules. We ll see on many occasions in future chapters that the exact three-dimensional structure of a molecule is often crucial to determining its properties and biological behavior. 

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