Auger effect

Burhop, E. H. S. (1952) The Auger Effect and other Radiationless Transitions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 

The Fluorescence Yield. The Auger Effect. Satellite Lines... 

If certain quanta suitable for the excitation of a line are absorbed without photon emission, a radiationless transition is likely. This transition is known as the Auger effect,39 and it may be thought to involve an absorption by the atom of the photon produced when the hole in the K shell is filled by an electron from one of the external shells such as the L shell. The absorption of this photon results in the ejection of a second electron from one of the shells to leave a doubly charged residue of what had been a normal atom. The atom in this condition is described by naming the two states in which the electron holes are to be found e.g., the atom is in the LL or LM or LN state. An atom in such a state is, of course, vastly different from the usual divalent cation. 

Inasmuch as the Auger effect can occur in any atom having a single appropriate electron hole, satellite lines are produced by electron excitation also. With this mode of excitation, they will be produced also when the Auger effect does not occur provided a single incident electron ejects two electrons from the atom. 

The Auger effect is analogous to the internal conversion in that an atomic electron is emitted instead of the expected X-ray. Very little is well known about Auger yields in these transitions out beyond the K shell, and a more detailed discussion is outside the scope of this review. 

In the condensed state, unfortunately, practically nothing is known about the consequences of the Auger effect, although there is reason to believe that charge neutralization by electron transfer between neighboring... 

The Auger effect is the phenomenon involving electron-hole recombination in an inner-shell vacancy causing the emission of another electron. 

Auger Effect—The emission of an electron from the extranuclear portion of an excited atom when the atom undergoes a transition to a less excited state. 

The competitive relaxation process known as the Auger effect involves radiationless transitions and the ejection of valency electrons. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has developed as a... 

These lines of results using repair-deficient strains suggest that inner-shell photoabsorption, followed by the Auger effect, more efficiently produces a nonrepairable type of damage than x-rays with other energies. However, studies to find or identify these types of damages at the molecular level have not yet been successful so far. 

Takakura, K. Auger effects on bromo-deoxyuridine-monophosphate irradiated with monochromatic X-rays around bromine K-absorption edge. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 1989, 28 (3), 177-184. 

Another way of showing that p behaves as T2 is to note that the rate of decay due to the Auger effect of an electron with energy above the Fermi energy is (Ziman 1964a, p. 415) proportional to (nkBT)2 +ej for the small values of x produced by a field, this gives a time of relaxation proportional to T2 (Hodges et al 1971) these authors find a proportionality with T2 ln (kBT/E ). ... 

The Auger effect at a center can take place in various ways, since the three particles required for the process can be located on the particular center, on another center, and/or in the bands. The case of all three particles located at the center has been well treated fairly recently by Robbins and Dean (1978) and will therefore not be considered further. The remaining cases are those where either one or two particles are free (in one of the bands). For both these situations, the transition probability p depends on the free-carrier concentration it is customarily defined in terms of Auger coefficients and C, respectively, for one and two free carriers. For the case of one free hole,... 

The Auger effect involving one free carrier, by definition, must include two trapped carriers. These two trapped carriers can be either on the same defect or on nearby defects. A further subdivision is that the two trapped carriers can... 

The Roentgen luminescence (i.e., the emission of an X-ray quantum) is significant only for elements with Z > 20. The ratio of the Auger effect probability to that of Roentgen luminescence is WA/Wx = 106/Z4. 43 In Table II we present the values of the probabilities WA and VYX together with the fluorescence yield for the KLL Auger transition for a number of... 

Fig. 1. Evolution of states with a hole (a) KL Roentgen luminescence (b) KLM Auger effect (c) KLMV double Auger effect.

A more probable process for compounds of light elements is the transfer of the energy released with occupation of a core vacancy to one or several more weakly bound electrons. This process was named after its discoverer—the Auger effect. In contrast to luminescence tansitions, involving electrons of only two shells, an Auger transition involves electrons of three or more shells, and it is this the complicated notation of... 

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