R-Cocaine

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CaMPKs I—IV, calmodulin-dependent protein kinases I-IV CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript CART-R, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript receptor CAT, catecholamine... 

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Figure 6.22. Pharmacophore proposed for identifying DAT inhibitors. The pharmacophore was obtained based on two known DAT inhibitors, R-cocaine and WIN-35065-2. Distance ranges between pharmacophore points were obtained through systematic search of all possible conformations that the two compounds may adopt when bound to DAT.

There are eight possible stereoisomeric forms of methyl 3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-azabicyclo[3.2.1 ]octan-2-carboxylate, of which one, R-cocaine, is simply referred to as cocaine. Chemically, cocaine is known as 2R-carbomethoxy-3S-benzyloxy-1 R-tropane. Cocaine is naturally occurring in a variety of plants belonging to the Erythroxylon coca species, which is indigenous to some countries in South America. In addition to its stimulant actions, cocaine possesses vasoconstrictor actions and is a local anesthetic it has served as a template for the development of other therapeutically useful agents, including local anesthetics and S-HTs serotonin antagonists. 

Drug users also abuse a more potent form of cocaine. If cocaine hydrochloride reacts with a base, the salt is converted to pure cocaine, often called free-base or croc/r cocaine. In this form, the volatile powder is smoked and reaches the brain in seconds, producing a sharp, intense high. Equally sharp and intense, however, is the depression that follows, leading crack users to crave increasingly more of the free-base form of cocaine. 

Zuccato, E. Chiabrando, C. Castiglioni, S. Calamari, D. Bagnati, R. Schiarea, S. Fanelli, R. Cocaine in Surface Waters a New Evidence-Based Tool to Monitor Community Drug Abuse. Environmental Health A Global Access Science Source 2005, 4, doi 10.1186/1476-069X-4-14. 

There are four broad classes of alkaloids whose general economic aspects are important (/) the opiates such as morphine and codeine (2, R = H and R = CH3, respectively) (2) cocaine (11) (both Hcit and iUicit) (2) caffeine (16) and related bases in coffee and tea, and (4) the tobacco alkaloids such as nicotine (21). 

Tropacocaine (Benzoyl-i/r-tropine). This resembles cocaine in action, but produces local anaesthesia more rapidly and for a shorter time and causes little or no mydriasis. 

Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Castiglioni S, Calamari D, Bagnati R, Schiarea S, Fanelli R (2005) Cocaine in surface water a new evidence-based tool to monitor community dmg abuse. Environ Health 4 1-7... 

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Note It is possible to differentiate amino adds by color on the basis of the marke different shades produced [2, 3]. Proline and hydroxyproUne, that only react wea with ninhydrin, also yield pink-red colored derivatives [2]. Ergot alkaloids and LSD detected by spraying with 10% hydrochloric add and then heating to 110°C for 20 r after they have been treated with the reagent [9]. Ergot alkaloids and LSD yield red purple zones when treated in this manner other alkaloids, e.g. reserpine, emetine, q nine, strychnine, pilocarpine, atropine, scopolamine, cocaine and opium alkaloids, not give a reaction [9],... 

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Zhan C-G (2006) Modeling Reaction Mechanism of Cocaine Hydrolysis and Rational Drug Design for Therapeutic Treatment of Cocaine Abuse. 4 107-159 Zuccato C, see Gambari R (2007) 9 265-276... 

Glennon, R.A., and Young, R. MDA An agent that produces stimulus effects similar to those of 3,4-DMA, LSD and cocaine. Eur J Pharmacol 99 249-250, 1984a... 

DeWit, H., and Wise, R.A. Blockade of cocaine reinforcement in rats with the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide, but not with the noradrenergic blockers phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. Can J Psychol 31 195-203, 1977. 

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