Quats compounds

Diz, M. Infante, M.R. Pinazo, A. Erra, P. In Proceedings of the International Wool Textile Research Conference, Microbial-resistance of Wool Fabric Treated with Bis-Quats Compounds, 1995, Vol. VIII, pp. 227-134. 

Chem. Descrip. Quat. compound Ionic Nature Cationic Uses Softener, antistat in textiles Properties Paste Emkalon BaseC-100 [Emkay ]... 

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. These compounds (quats) have the following general formula ... 

Algicides other than chlorine (or bromine) are used to a small extent, principally in the hotter southern and western regions of the U.S. They serve as a backup to chlorine primarily as a preventive or corrective measure against unbalanced pool conditions. The most widely used algicides are the quaternary ammonium compounds (quats), of which the -a1ky1dimethy1henzy1 ammonium chloride type (with groups) are the most common (see... 

The unique property of quats is the abHity to produce bacteriostasis in very high dilution (Table 6). Because of this abHity, and the carryover of the disinfectant in early test procedures, it was originally thought that these compounds were highly bactericidal. However, for bactericidal action, 10 to 20 times the concentration is required. The quats have a narrower antibacterial spectmm than the phenols, and are much more active against gram-positive... 

Fig. 4. Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) tested as antimiciobial agents. Centiimide is a mistuie of dodecyl, tetiodecyl-, and...

Considerable work has been done to try to explain why quats are antimicrobial. The following sequence of steps is beheved to occur in the attack by the quat on the microbial cell (/) adsorption of the compound on the bacterial cell surface (2) diffusion through the cell wall (J) binding to the cytoplasmic membrane (4) dismption of the cytoplasmic membrane (5) release of cations and other cytoplasmic cell constituents (6) precipitation of cell contents and death of the cell. 

Quaternary ammonium compounds are cationic surfactants that bind well to anionic surfaces like the protein in hair. The ammonium end sticks to the hair, leaving the long fatty end of the molecule to act as a lubricant. They are slightly conductive, so they reduce the buildup of static electricity. Quats, as they are sometimes called, include compounds like stearalkonium chloride, disteardimonium chloride, quaternium-5, or quaternium-18, polyquaternium-10 and they are all similar in form and function to cetrimonium chloride. These compounds are also widely used as fabric softeners, for all of the same reasons they make good hair conditioners. They are also used to thicken the shampoo. 

Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are prepared - by moderate heating of the amine and the alkyl halide in a suitable solvent - as the chlorides or the bromides. Subsequently conversion to the hydroxides may be carried out. Major applications of the quat chlorides are as fabric softeners and as starch cationizing agent. Several bio-active compounds (agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals) possess the quat-structure. Important applications of quat bromides are in phase transfer catalysis and in zeolite synthesis. 

The cationic agents used for their antimicrobial activity all fall within the group known as the quaternary ammonium compounds which are variously described as QACs, quats or onium ions. These are organically substituted ammonium compounds as shown in... 

Nitrite substitutes can be divided into seven chemical categories (1) amine benzoates (2) fatty acid amines (3) phosphate or carbonate silicates (4) organophosphates (5) amine borates (6) alkanolamines and (7) quaternary ammonium compounds ("quats"). Thus, the technology already exists for replacing nitrite with no loss in rust protection. However, most replacements for nitrite are more expensive, less effective, less likely to be compatible with other additives, and work by a different mechanism (12). It is therefore not surprising that fluids containing nitrite are still relatively com mon. 

If N-containing surfactants, e.g. quats, alkylamido betaine or FADA, were ionised together with AE a depression was expected for AE compounds because of the proton affinity of the amino nitrogen... 

Fig. 2.5.13. Ion current traces of APCI-FIA-MS(+) examinations of compound interferences performed in multiple ion detection mode applied for quantification of pure AE blend (A AE b,d,f recorded between 0 and 4.0 min), pure quat (B a), betaine (B c) and FADA (B e) blend (cf. B Selected compounds a,c,d recorded between 4.0 and 8.5 min). In mixtures of AE with quat, betaine or FADA, respectively, all constituents were determined by MID (cf. C Mixture AE/quat (a,b), AE/betaine (c,d), and AE/FADA (e,f) (recorded between 8.5 and 14.0 min, respectively). Ions recorded in MID mode for quantification AE (all ions starting at m/z 306 + A 44 and ending at 966), quat m/z 214 and 220, betaine m/z 184, 212, 240, 268, 285, 296, 313, 324 and 341, FADA m/z 232, 260,...

For comparison of time necessary to quantify the compounds examined by FIA—MS and MS—MS, LC was also examined. API— LC—MS studies with RP-Cis (AE, betaine, FADA) or PLRP (quat) column applied for separation were performed. Quantitative results could be obtained with SDs < 5%, while the invested time in parallel increased by a factor > 12 compared with FIA-MS. 

The development of an easy-to-handle method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of surfactants in consumer products was the goal for applying ESI in the FIA-MS(+/—) mode by direct infusion into the mass spectrometer. In this way Ci2, Ci4, Ci6 and Ci8 ASs could be determined besides other anionics (LASs, alkylcarboxylates), nonionics (alkyl polyglucosides (APGs)) and cationics (quats and ester-quats). The methods applied for concentration and determination (MS-MS) helped to identify the compounds and in addition deuterated internal standards were applied for confirmation [57]. 

Esterquats, quaternary carboxyalkyl ammonium compounds, have been developed as substitutes for the quats, especially DTDMACs which are applied as softeners in household products because they are resistant to degradation [42] and toxic [43,44]. Today, the esterquats are preferentially used (see Fig. 2.12.1(b)). As previously noted, the detection of all types of esterquats in environmental samples is difficult because of their tendency to adsorb at surfaces. Even in the inflows of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) it is extremely difficult to find these compounds, which are reduced in toxicity [45] compared with the DTDMACs. One reason is that these carboxyalkyl ammonium compounds are not very stable in the environment. A second reason is that these compounds are not stable during the ionisation process. 

Quaternary fluorinated alkyl ammonium compounds The fluorine-containing cationic surfactants of quat type with the general formula C F2 , 1-S02-NH-CH2-CH2-CH2-N (CH3)3 X (n = 8) (Fig. 2.12.1(d)) were examined by FIA—MS using APCI and ESI in the positive and negative modes. The APCI(- -/—) ionisation resulted in a dealkylation at the nitrogen with ions at m/z 585 or 583, respectively. The alkyl chain of this compound contained the moiety C8Fi7. The ions generated under APCI conditions were characterised as dealkylation products—m/z 585 [M — CH2]+ or m/z 583 [M — H— CH3] —as reported in the literature [35,37]. 

Cationic surfactant blends of quats were studied by FIA-ESI-MS(+). The general formula of the compounds was (R)nN (CH3)4 n with R = C12-C22. These compounds applied in products for personal... 

One of the first results dealing with MS-MS investigations of quats was published by Conboy et al. [36]. Industrially important quats were separated by IC and determined by ion spray MS in the ESI(+) mode. Full scan IC-MS-MS spectra were presented from tetraalkyl ammonium compounds examined. They varied in the alkyl groups, starting at C3H7 and ending at C6H13. 

Various classes of cationic surfactants, including quats, esterquats, alkyl ethoxy amines, quaternary perfluoroalkyl ammoniums and gemini surfactants have been analysed extensively with LC—MS and LC—MS—MS techniques, and their spectra have been fully characterised. Different ionisation methods have been applied for the detection of such surfactants, including API techniques (APCI and ESI) in negative and positive modes of operation. In addition, detailed examples regarding MS—MS fragmentation of these compounds have been reported and presented in this chapter. 

A number of other types of compounds have been used as chiral catalysts in phase-transfer reactions. Many of these compounds embody the key structural component, a P-hydroxyam-monium salt-type structure, which has been shown to be crucial to the success of the above described cinchona-derived quats. Although they have not been as successful as the cinchona catalysts, the ephedra-alkaloid derived catalysts (see 20, 22, 23 and 25 in Charts 3 and 4) have been used effectively in several reactions. In general, quats with chirality derived only from a single chiral center, which cannot participate in a multipoint interaction with other reaction species, have not been effective catalysts [80]. 

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