Quaternary ammonium compounds quats

Algicides other than chlorine (or bromine) are used to a small extent, principally in the hotter southern and western regions of the U.S. They serve as a backup to chlorine primarily as a preventive or corrective measure against unbalanced pool conditions. The most widely used algicides are the quaternary ammonium compounds (quats), of which the -a1ky1dimethy1henzy1 ammonium chloride type (with groups) are the most common (see... 

Fig. 4. Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) tested as antimiciobial agents. Centiimide is a mistuie of dodecyl, tetiodecyl-, and...

Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are prepared - by moderate heating of the amine and the alkyl halide in a suitable solvent - as the chlorides or the bromides. Subsequently conversion to the hydroxides may be carried out. Major applications of the quat chlorides are as fabric softeners and as starch cationizing agent. Several bio-active compounds (agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals) possess the quat-structure. Important applications of quat bromides are in phase transfer catalysis and in zeolite synthesis. 

Nitrite substitutes can be divided into seven chemical categories (1) amine benzoates (2) fatty acid amines (3) phosphate or carbonate silicates (4) organophosphates (5) amine borates (6) alkanolamines and (7) quaternary ammonium compounds ("quats"). Thus, the technology already exists for replacing nitrite with no loss in rust protection. However, most replacements for nitrite are more expensive, less effective, less likely to be compatible with other additives, and work by a different mechanism (12). It is therefore not surprising that fluids containing nitrite are still relatively com mon. 

Other groups, such as quaternary ammonium compounds [quats or alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC)] may have hundreds of variants, produced by many manufacturers located around the globe. 

Cationic surfactants, primarily quaternary ammonium compounds (quats), are the most widely used conditioning agents in current commercial products [24-26], Important reasons for this include effectiveness, availability, versatility, and low cost. 

Fatty acids are raw materials for fatty amines, ethoxylated fatty amines, quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats), fatty acid-polyamine condensates, fabric softeners based on esterquats, fatty add amides, alkyl keten dimers for paper sizing and amphoteric surfactants. Binding of oleic add anhydride to cellulose fibre by chemical grafting is a recently introduced sustainable process to protect construction timber for outdoor use, such as pinewood shutters, from moisture and outside attack. Impregnation of the wood involves two stages firstly in an autoclave, where vacuum and pressure ensure its penetration, and then in a tank where the wood is soaked in a bath of anhydride, to encourage grafting of the anhydride on the wood. ... 

The primary and secondary amines yield tertiary amines (RNMe2, R2NMe) by catalytic reaction with formaldehyde. These are used as corrosion inhibitors, fuel oil additives, bacteriacides and fungicides or are converted to amine oxides by reaction with hydrogen peroxide or to quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) by reaction with methyl chloride (or sulphate) or benzyl... 

Quaternary ammonium compound (quat) A cationic detergent that has four organic groups attached to a nitrogen atom. 

Once deposits and debris are removed and surfaces are visibly clean, the equipment can then be sanitized. Sanitizing agents may include the halogens (e.g., iodine), hot water, ozone, peroxides, quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS), or acidulated sulfur dioxide. Table 9.1 compares commonly used chemical sanitizers with respect to their relative advantages and disadvantages. 

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS) have the basic structure of a nitrogen covalently bound to four alkyl or aromatic groups such as that illustrated in Fig. 9.2. QUATS function by disrupting microbial cell... 

These are the most important class of disinfecting surfactants, used not only for antisepsis but also as active ingredients in formulas claiming to clean and disinfect in domestic use. (a) Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ( Quats ). Alkylammonium chlorides (e.g., benzalkonium chloride) or bromides (e.g., cetrimonium bromide) are widely used as active ingredients in all-purpose cleaners (APCs). The cation can be viewed as an ammonium ion where the four hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic groups. 

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