Quaternary ammonium salts quats

Quaternary ammonium salts (quats) are an economically advantageous class of industrial compounds. They have surface-active properties, possess anti-microbial activity and are known to be bioactive (Boethling Lynch, 1992 Juergensen et al., 2000). Contrary, reports regarding low melting tetraalkylphosphonium salts were relatively rare in the literature during the last decades (Bradaric et al., 2003). 

Polymerization of butyl acrylate was also studied by us in ethyl acetate/water two phase systems (3) using potassium persulfate/quaternary ammonium salts as the initiator system. Under these conditions (a minimum amount of water was used to dissolve the persulfate), it was found that symmetrical quat salts were more efficient than surfactant type quat salts. Also, the more lipophilic quat salts were more efficient. These results prompted us to propose formation of an organic-soluble quaternary ammonium persulfate via typical phase transfer processes. 

IV. Ester Quaternary Ammonium Salts (Ester Quats)... 

V. Amidoester Quaternary Ammonium Salts (Amidoester Quat)... 

Quaternary ammonium salts that have a very long carbon chain, sometimes caUed "quats," are used as disinfectants and antiseptics because they have detergent activity. Two popular quats are benzalkonium chloride (Zephiran) and cetylp)n-i-dinimn chloride, found in the mouthwash Cepacol. 

Adogen . [Sherex] Quaternary ammonium salts specialty quat emulsifier, dispersant, fabric softener, andstat, flocculant corrosion inhibitor formulations... 

Since the catalyst is often a quaternary ammonium salt (e.g. tetrabutyl ammonium, [C4H9]4N, also called the quat and symbohzed by Q, the ion pair Q X" (X being the anion to be reacted) is a much looser ion pair than say Na X". This... 

In the last decades, NMR has evolved as one of the methods used for the determination of chiral species. Among recent examples, chiral hexacoordinated phosphate anion, [bis(tetrachlorobenzenediolato)mono ([l,r]binaphtalenyl-2,2 -diolato)phosphate], (d,i )-BINPHAT (52), as its tetrabutylammonium salt, has found widespread use as a very efficient NMR chiral solvating agent (CSA) for quaternary ammonium cations (quats) derived from a Troger base (53) (Figure 5). ... 

Classification Quaternary ammonium salt Empirical C43H92N2O 2CI Uses Antistat in cosmetics conditioner for hair and skin, perms, mousses emulsifier Trade Name Synonyms M-Quat Dimer 18 [BASF http //www.basf.com]... 

Tallow dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride. See Tallowalkonium chloride Tallow dimethyl glycine. See Tallow betaine Tallowdimonium propyltrimonium dichloride CAS 68607-29-4 EINECS/ELINCS 271-762-1 Synonyms N,N,N, N, N -Pentamethyl-N-tallow alkyl-1,3-propanediammonium dichloride Quaternary ammonium compds., pentamethyltallow alkyltrimethylenedi-, dichlorides N-Tallow pentamethyl propane diammonium dichloride Classification Quaternary ammonium salt Formula [RN(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)3] 2CI", R rep. alkyl groups from tallow Uses Detergent corrosion inhibitor metal cleaner emulsifier for sec. oil recovery antistat, emulsifier, surfactant in cosmetics Trade Name Synonyms Jet Quat DT-50 t[Witco/Oleochems. Derive. ]... 

External antistats. External, or topical, antistats are applied to the surface of the finished plastic part through techniques such as spraying, wiping, or dipping. Since they are not subjected to the temperatures and stresses of plastic compounding, a broad range of chemistries is possible. The most common external antistatic additives are quaternary ammonium salts, or quats, applied from a water or alcohol solution. 

Mixtures containing any two quaternary ammonium salts The quats considered here fall into five groups ... 

The gemini-containing cationic [quaternary ammonium salts, called bis (Quats)], anionic (phosphate, sulfate, carboxylate), amphoteric and nonionic (polyether or sugar), polar groups have been a matter of numerous investigations [59]. Only few studies have been done on the physicochemical and biological properties of amino acid-based gemini surfactants [60-62]. 

Our group designed and synthesized a new elass of amino acid-based gemini surfactants of the bis(Quats) type (quaternary ammonium salt) (Scheme 2). These consist of 2 hydrophobic chains of 12 carbon atoms, 2 quaternary ammonium groups, and 1 spacer chain containing amide and disulfide bonds [63,64], They derived from the condensation of 7V-dodecyl-A, A -dimethylgly-cine (a well-known soft amphoteric surfactant) with amino acid derivatives containing disulfide bonds, i.e., cystine 1 and cystamine 2 (Scheme 2). 

In 2004 it was estimated that about 80000 metric tonnes of natural fatty acids were consumed for manufacture of quaternary ammonium salts, in North America, Europe and Japan, using the nitrile process. Another 85 000 tonnes were converted to amines and other derivatives (Table 2.1). In 2006, North America consumed 35000 tonnes of quats made via the nitrile process and another 44 000 produced from fatty alcohols or olefins [39]. There has been growing competition between oleochemical- and petrochemical-based detergent alcohols for surfactant use, driven by the high price of crude oil and the increased supply of natural oils, particularly palm. 

A study of the effect of various quaternary ammonium salts in combination with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES-3) (where SLES-3 indicates that there are three EO groups in the molecular stmcture) found that in general the ether sulfate provided a broader mixing range than SLS and that alkylamldo quats were more compatible with anionics than alkyl quats [56]. Betaines were also examined and found to provide good synergies for foam and viscosity control [57]. 

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