Quaternary ammonium celluloses preparation

Recently, we have characterized tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium celluloses made either aqueously or non-aqueously by a variety of instrumental techniques. These techniques have also been used to follow effects of a given anion on the cellulose matrix of a quaternary ammonium cellulose exchanger when the exchanger prepared non-aqueously comes in contact with water. 

Theory would predict that PTC should be useful in increasing the alkylation efficiency of hydrophobic electrophiles with cellulose ether alkoxides. However, there is very little previous work reported in using PTC in the preparation of cellulose ethers. Daly and coworkers10 reported that quaternary ammonium salts were useful in catalyzing the heterogeneous benzylation of cellulose, but when we applied this technique to the DPGE alkylation of nascent HEC in aqueous /-butyl alcohol, the presence of catalytic amounts of tetramethylammonium chloride or tetrabutylammonium bromide actually afforded lower alkylation efficiencies. 

A silane containing hydroxyl and quaternary ammonium salt groups was treated with a triisocyanate to prepare a biocidal film that was active against Escherichia coli for as long as 1 month.188 Cellulose was treated with the appropriate trimethoxysilane to attach a phosphonium salt.189 Polyphosphonium salts based on polystyrene have been prepared with spacers of varying lengths between the aromatic ring and the phosphorus atom.190 Polymeric dichlorohydantoins were used to disinfect potable water... 

Use of non-aqueous solvents such as methanol for the preparation of the sodium cel 1 u1 osates, tertiary butanol for the preparation of the tertiary amine, diethyl ami noethylcellulose and absolute ethanol for the preparation of quaternary ammonium compounds from the tertiary amine celluloses has made it possible to form cellulose anion exchangers in fabric form that contain up to 4.0% nitrogen. Usually, the maximum amount of nitrogen obtained with aqueous preparations is approximately 0.7%. 

The degree of subslititlion and the substituent distribirtion among and along the cellulose molecules determine the solubihty of the cellulose ether in water and its application properties. The ethers prepared using aqueous sodium hydroxide tend to have random substituent distribrrtions birt uniform distributions may be obtained using quaternary ammonium bases. 

The fundamental theory of phase transfer catalysis (PTC) has been reviewed extensively. Rather than attempt to find a mutual solvent for all of the reactive species, an appropriate catalyst is identified which modifies the solubility characteristics of one of the reactive species relative to the phase in which it is poorly solubilized. The literature on the use of PTC in the preparation of nitriles, halides, ether, and dihalocarbenes is extensive. Although PTC in the synthesis of C- and 0-alkylated organic compounds has been studied, the use of PTC in polymer synthesis or polymer modification is not as well studied. A general review of PTC in polymer synthesis was published by Mathias. FrecheE described the use of PTC in the modification of halogenated polymers such as poly(vinyl bromide), and Nishikubo and co-workers disclosed the reaction of poly(chloromethylstyrene) with nucleophiles under PTC conditions. Liotta and co-workers reported the 0-alkylation of bituminous coal with either 1-bromoheptane or 1-bromooctadecane. Poor 0-alkylation efficiencies were reported with alkali metal hydroxides but excellent reactivity and efficiencies were found with the use of quaternary ammonium hydroxides, especially tetrabutyl- and tetrahexylammonium hydroxides. These results are indeed noteworthy because coal is a mineral and is not thought of as a reactive and swellable polymer. Clearly if coal can be efficiently 0-alkylated under PTC conditions, then efficient 0-alkylation of cellulose ethers should also be possible. 

This book presents coverage of the dynamics, preparation, application and physico-chemical properties of polymer solutions and colloids. It also covers the adsorption characteristics at and the adhesion properties of polymer surfaces. It is written by 23 contemporary experts within their field. Main headings include Structural ordering in polymer solutions Influence of surface Structure on polymer surface behaviour Advances in preparations and appUcations of polymeric microspheres Latex particle heterogeneity origins, detection, and consequences Electrokinetic behaviour of polymer colloids Interaction of polymer latices with other inorganic colloids Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of bridging flocculation Metal complexation in polymer systems Adsorption of quaternary ammonium compounds art polymer surfaces Adsorption onto polytetrafluoroethylene from aqueous solutions Adsorption from polymer mixtures at the interface with solids Polymer adsorption at oxide surface Preparation of oxide-coated cellulose fibre The evaluation of acid-base properties of polymer surfaces by wettability measurements. Each chapter is well referenced. 

Polymer JR (6) is a quaternary ammonium derivative of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The three grades of Polymer JR, -125, -400, and -30M, are estimated to correspond to molecular weights (MW) of 250,000,400,000, and 600,000 respectively. The HEC utilized in these experiments has an estimated MW of 330,000. Radiotagged polymers were prepared by carrying out the polymer syntheses from cellulose with C-tagged ethylene oxide. Brown hair was obtained from DeMeo Bros., Inc., New York. Fabrics were obtained... 

The cyclic diether, 1,3-dioxolane, is recommended by Ferro Corporation as a more benign solvent substitute for chlorinated organic solvents, such as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and for ketones, such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). This ethylene glycol-based ether is a suitable solvent under neutral and basic conditions in several major-use areas. It is a powerful solvent for softening and dissolving polymers made from polar monomers, for example, polycarbonates, acrylates, cellulosics urethanes, phenoUcs, nitriles, urea-formaldehydes, and alkyds, as well as polyesters, vinyl epoxys, and halogen-containing polymers. As a reaction solvent it is added as a component to a special quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt solution for preparation of a vesicular phenoxy resin. Other beneficial uses for the solvent dioxolane, include ... 

Cellulose either substituted with quaternary ammonium groups or grafted with polyacrylic acid has been used for ion-exchange chromatography, particularly in the purification of textile effluents. Graft copolymers of acrylic acid and a quaternary ammonium derivative of cellulose (obtained by condensation of cellulose with epoxypropyltriethylammonium chloride) were prepared quaternary ammonium derivatives of cellulose can also be obtained in one step by heating cellulose with epichlorohydrin and an amine. The... 

Less or not yet important c. are 2-(N,N-Diethylamino-)ethyl cellulose (DEAEC) made by reaction of alkaline cellulose with hydrochloride of the amine and used as a weakly alkaline chromatography material or ion exchanger. More basic exchangers are available by transforming the amino group into the quaternary ammonium compound. These products are also used in shampoo formulations (- hair preparations). 

---