Pyrolysis characteristic data

Applying modification of substances having different chemical nature and different methods to deposit their pyrolysis products one can obtain adsorbents with differentiated surface properties and thus showing different chromatographic resolution abilities. The data in Table 7 and Figs. 17 20 confirm this statement. Figs. 17-20 show adsorption isotherms while Table 7 lists characteristic data of n-heptane and chloroform adsorption on Adsorbent Y as well as on the same adsorbent but modified with n-heptanol in an autoclave and in a rotary reactor. Similarly to the experiments described in papers... 

In the furnace process, which today dominates carbon black production, oils rich in aromatics from naphtha or gas oil pyrolysis, cat-cracker residues (decant oils) together with mixtures of aromatics from coal tar, are used as feedstock. Table 13.5 summarizes the characteristic data for decant oil, pyrolysis oil from naphtha cracking and a carbon black feedstock derived from coal tar. 

The MAB ion source offers several advantages over El for PyMS. By eliminating excessive fragmentation, characteristic of electron ionisation, and by producing highly reproducible mass spectra MAB (Kr) greatly simplifies the analysis of pyrolysis data. Furthermore, MAB ionisation, when combined to MS/MS, provides a useful tool for structural elucidation of pyrolysis products. The ability for selective ionisation can be very useful to reduce the background combination in techniques such as GC-MS, LC-MS or SFC-MS. 

More specific analysis of tars and correlations of vapor pressure data as a function of molecular weight or/and some chemical characteristics were beyond the scope of this presentation, although these are important considerations. Detailed pyrolysis models [Chen et al., 1998 Serio et al., 1994] include a tar vaporization step and use... 

The bio-oil used for the test programme was produced by BTG in Enschede (NL) with the Rotating Cone Technology from poplar as the bio-mass material. As alternative raw materials for pyrolysis wheat straw, Spanish thistle and other wood wastes have been investigated. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the power generation from bio-oil in a gas turbine, the optimisation of the combustion behaviour with respect to emissions and operation characteristics and the comparison of emission and operation data from bio-oil and conventional diesel fuel. For technical reasons the gas turbine had to be adapted to the operation in dual fuel mode with the possibility to switch between diesel and bio-oil. 

A few pyrolysis studies done on yeasts and yeast-like fungi did not attempt to analyze individual polysaccharides but to obtain a fingerprint characterization [67], It was also common to use statistical techniques such as factor analysis for the data interpretation. It was not unusual to find N-acetylamino sugar units in fungal polysaccharides. These units showed characteristic peaks in Py-MS that allowed the distinction of different materials. 

Screening of estuarine and marine sediment samples by automated pyrolysis mass spectrometry combined with factor-discriminant analysis leads to a useful classification related to the geographical position and the sources of the organic matter. The mass spectral data give preliminary information about the organic matter composition. Analysis of the characteristic mass peaks m/z=86 and 100 by PMSMS and PGCMS points to bacterial poly-alkanoates in the mud fraction of the river sediments. 

Studies on the bulk pyrolysis of polyhydroxybutyric acid from Bacilli and of bacterial polyalkanoates have shown the formation of 2,3-butenoic acid and 2,3-pentenoic acid (18) The presence of 2,3-butenoic acids and pentenoic acid in the pyrolysate of the particulate matter from sample 20C is interpreted as an indication of polyhydroxy-alkanoates in the sample. These mixed polyesters of hydroxy acids with 4, 5 and sometimes 6 carbon atoms are especially abundant in activated sludges (19). The occurrence of m/z 86 and 100 as abundant mass peaks in the spectra of the fluvial material and as very characteristic peaks in the discriminant function spectrum indicates that a significant amount of the mud fraction may consist of sewage debris. This impression was confirmed by identification of a number of other pyrolysis products in the data file. 

Further experimental data and further model comparisons relate to the rapid pyrolysis of different coals. In the absence of air, this experimental device heats and converts small coal particles (10-200 pm) in gas and distillates. Figure 20 shows a very satisfactory agreement between experimental data relating to a bituminous coal and model results at 1,260 K. It is noteworthy that despite the strong differences between carbon deposit and bituminous coal, the characteristic times for the dehydrogenation processes are practically the same. Further data on this subject, as well as a detailed model for the analysis of the pyrolysis and devolatilization process of coal particles, are available in a recent paper (Migliavacca et al., 2005). 

The method of thermogravimetry is basically quantitative in nature in that the mass-change can be accurately determined- However, the temperature ranges in which the mass-changes occur are qualitative in that they depend on the instrumental and sample characteristics. With the wide use of commercial thermobalances, TG data of a sample can be correlated from laboratory to laboratory if similar conditions of pyrolysis are employed. 

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