Purkinje cells and

Both anandamide and 2-AG are inactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis (Goparaju et al. 1998). Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme that catalyses their hydrolysis. High concentrations of FAAH were found in the cerebellum, hippocampus and neocortex of rat brain, which are also rich in cannabinoid receptors. Further, there is a complementary pattern of distribution of FAAH and the CBl receptor. For example, in the cerebellum, FAAH is found in the cell bodies of Purkinje cells and the CBl receptor is found in the axons of granule cells and basket cells, which are presynaptic to Purkinje cells. 2-AG may also be inactivated by direct esterification into membrane phospholipids. Cannabinoid Receptors... 

CYPllBl mRNA in whole rat brain and hypothalamus by RT-PCR protein in cerebellum, especially Purkinje cells and hippocampus by IHC (Mackenzie et al., 2000). 

IHC shows CYP2B6 in neurons and astrocytes, higher in smokers and alcoholics especially in cerebellar Purkinje cells and hippocampal pyramidal neurons, also caudate nucleus and putamen (Miksys et al., 2003). 

CYP2B6 protein in frontal cortical pyramidal cells, cerebellar Purkinje cells and neurons in the substantia nigra of African Green monkey induced by chronic nicotine (Lee et al., 2006). 0.0016 P450 mRNA/GAPDHmRNAin whole human brain by RT-RT-PCR (Nishimura et al., 2003). CYP2C8 mRNA detected in human brain by RT-PCR (McFadyen et al., 1998). 

RT-PCR, Southern blot, slot blot, immunobiot, and ICC reveal correlation of mRNA and CYP2D6 protein across 13 brain regions higher expression is seen in brains from alcoholics versus nonalcoholics. In hippocampus this was localized in CAl-3 pyramidal cells and dentate gyrus granular neurons. In cerebellum this was localized in Purkinje cells and their dendrites (Miksys et al., 2002). 

Cerebral cortex (layer I-VI, selected interneurons and principal cells) hippocampus (selected interneurons and principal cells) pallidum striatum (interneurons) thalamic relay nuclei olfactory bulb (mitral cells and interneurons) cerebellum (Purkinje cells and granule cells) deep cerebellar nuclei amygdala basal forebrain substantia nigra pars reticulata inferior colliculus brainstem... 

Automaticity It is the ability to generate propagated impulse. Digitalis increases the ability of the Purkinje cell and the ventricular muscle to initiate impulses. 

Figure 16-8. Section of rat brain and cerebellum zone after exposure to toxic chemicals. Note the damaged Purkinje cells and the loss of dendrites.

The expression of onconeural antigens is highly restricted in some instances. Recoverin is found in the retinal cells only, and cdr2 expression is restricted to the Purkinje cells and brain stem. Other antigens such as Nova are widely distributed in the CNS, whereas the HuD and CRMP-5 antigens are expressed by neurons of both the CNS and the peripheral nervous system. The extensive immunoreactivity is reflected by the heterogenous clinical manifestations in patients with Ri, CRMP-5, Hu, and amphiphysin antibodies [15,29, 30]. 

The pathological hallmark of PCD with Yo antibodies is degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells and often of granule cells as well. CD8+ cells are found in the cerebellum and sometimes in the cerebral cortex, and there is diffuse microglial activation [72]. In some cases, there are changes in the corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts and dorsal columns [42]. 

If Hyperpolarization-activated current carried by Na and in sinoatrial and AV node cells and His-Purkinje cells and contributing to phase 4 depolarization ... 

FIG. 7. SNS Na channel is not present within the normal brain, but is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells within brains obtained at post-mortem from MS patients. Panels on left show in situ hybridization with SNS-specific antisense riboprobes, and demonstrate the absence of SNS mRNA in control cerebellum (c) and its presence in Purkinje cells in post-mortem tissue from two patients with MS (a, b). No signal is present following hybridization with sense riboprobe (d). Panels on right show immunostaining with an antibody directed against SNS, and illustrate absence of SNS protein in control cerebellum (g, arrow indicates Purkinje cell) and its presence in MS (e, f). Modified from Black et al (2000). 

Glutamate is a key neurotransmitter in the cerebellum mossy fibres onto granule cells parallel fibres onto Purkinje and stellate/basket cells, climbing fibres onto Purkinje cells, and also mossy fibre and climbing fibre inputs onto Golgi cells all use glutamate (Fig. 19) (Voogd... 

In the cerebellar cortex, the most frequently noted pathology is a decreased number of Purkinje cells (Kemper and Bauman, 1998 Palmen et al., 2004 Bauman and Kemper, 2005 Whitney et al., 2008). This pathology is most marked in the posterior lateral part of the cerebellar hemispheres and the adjacent archicerebellar cortex and occurs without evidence of loss of neurons in the inferior olive in the brain stem (Kemper and Bauman, 1998 Bauman and Kemper, 2005). The Purkinje cells have an intimate relationship with the axons of the inferior olivary neurons in the brain stem, such that loss of Purkinje cells at any time after birth leads to loss of neurons in the inferior olive (Holmes and Stewart, 1908 Norman, 1940 Sakai et al., 1994). Since this intimate relationship between the Purkinje cell and the inferior olive is established in the human brain sometime after 29-30 weeks of gestation (Rakic and Sidman, 1970), it is likely that the decrease in number of Purkinje cells occurred before this time. In those brains with a marked decrease in the number of Purkinje cells, there appears to be a concomitant decrease in the number of granule cells (Bauman and Kemper, 2005). The relationship between the number of granule cells and the number of Purkinje cells noted in the autistic brain has been elucidated in rat studies. With prenatal loss of Purkinje cells the number of granule cells is adjusted such that the ratio of Purkinje cells to the number of granule cells is maintained (Chen and Hilman, 1989). 

---