Pumps valves

Multiplex wellhead high-pressure control pump valve... 

There are three basic requirements that Hquid level control devices are designed to satisfy alarm functions, pump/valve control, and transmitted output signal to track level continuously. Alarm devices provide warning or shutdown functions when process levels pass a predeterrnined point in the vessel pump /valve control devices turn on/off pumps or open/close valves at predeterrnined levels in the vessel and transmitters provide a proportional output signal over a predetermined span to send to a local meter or signal back to a control room. 

Each of the membrane devices may be assembled by connecting the modules into combinations of series, pataUel-flow paths, or both. These assembUes ate connected to pumps, valves, tanks, heat exchangers, instmmentation, and controls to provide complete systems. 

Methyl bromide, when dry (<100 ppm water), is inert toward most materials of constmction. Carbon steel is recommended for storage vessels, piping, pumps, valves, and fittings. Copper, brass, nickel, and its alloys are sometimes used. Aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and alloys of these metals should not be used because under some conditions dangerous pyrophoric compounds may be formed. Many nonmetallic materials are also useful for handling methyl bromide, but nylon and polyvinyl chloride should be avoided. 

Because carbon is difficult to machine, very tittle impervious carbon equipment is made. However, impervious graphite has been accepted as a standard material of constmction by the chemical process industry for the fabrication of process equipment, such as heat exchangers, pumps, valves, towers, pipe, and fittings (9,10). 

As for storage tanks, stainless steel and lacquer-lined mild steel are suitable materials of constmction for pipe lines. For pumps, valves, etc, various alloys are suitable, including phosphor bronze, gun metal. Monel, stainless steel, and certain nickel steel alloys. Alloys with high proportions of ziac and tin together with copper and aluminum are not recommended. 

Uses. Uses for copper—siUcon alloys are siUcon bronze, UNS C 87200, as bearings, pumps, valve parts, marine fittings, and corrosion-resistant castings siUcon brass UNS C 87400 as bearings, gears, impellers, valve stems, and clamps and siUcon brass UNS C 87500 as small propellers, valve stems, gears, and bearings. 

The price for an increase in heat-transfer characteristics is a more complex system with more anxihary eqnipmeut low-pressure receivers, refrigerant pumps, valves, and controls. Liquid refrigerant is predominantly pumped by mechanical pumps, however, sometimes gas at condensing pressure is used for pumping, in the variety of concepts. 

Favored locations for erosion-corrosion are areas exposed to high-flow velocities or turbulence. Tees, bends, elbows (Fig. 11.5), pumps, valves (Fig. 11.6), and inlet and outlet tube ends of heat exchangers (Fig. 11.7) can be affected. Turbulence may be created downstream of crevices, ledges (Fig. 11.8), abrupt cross-section changes, deposits, corrosion products, and other obstructions that change laminar flow to turbulent flow. 

Increased distance between the tanks and the pumping/valve area... 

Industrial equipment is a continuing area of development for plastics. Pipes, pumps, valves and sight glasses, made from such materials as PVC, PTFE and poly-4-methylpent-l-ene, have become well established on account of their corrosion resistance. The nylons are used for such diverse applications as mine conveyor belts and main drive gears for knitting machines and paper-making equipment. These and other materials are widely used where such features as toughness, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, non-stick properties, electrical insulation capability and transparency are of importance. 

Applications include high-performance insulation for wire and cables (particularly heater cables), and corrosion-resistant linings for pumps, valves, pipes and other chemical equipment. Its availability in the form of film and tubing has led to its demand for both corrosion protection and antistick applications. 

Uses of the polyamide-imides include pumps, valves, gear wheels, accessories for refrigeration plant and electronic components. Interesting materials may be made by blending the polymer with graphite and PTFE. This reduces the coefficient of friction from the already low figure of 0.2 (to steel) to as little as 0.02-0.08. 

On small installations an elevated tank above the furnace would be used (refer to Figure 37). The savings from eliminating the pumps, valving, and slurry lines are offset by the additional cost of a structure to support the tank and a rotary feed valve. The tank is fitted with a screened overflow. A dewatering screw conveyor is used for feeding the furnace. 

Pump, valve, diesel failure rates from plant reports - IPRD, EPRl Comprehensive componeni collection... 

Equipment Failures Pumps, valves, instruments, sensors, interliyak failures hi -s oj Utilities Electrical nilroecn, water,. cfrigeralion,. ifr, le.tt ir.insf er llutd,. ste.im, vcnliijtioii... 

Pumps, valves, pipes, bursting discs, human errors, and other miscellaneous items... 

Data Base Development and Equipment Chemical Process, About 250 component failure rates and 95% Pumps, valves, pipe, motors, diesels, heal 51. 

Determination of Reliability Characteristic Factors in the Nuclear Power Plant Biblis B, Gesellschaft fur Reaktorsicherheit mbH Nuclear Failure rates with upper and lower bounds and maintenance data for 17,000 components from 37 safety systems Data for pumps, valves, and electrical positioning devices, electric motors and drives from an operating power plant 66. 

Reliability Data Book for Components in Swedish Nuclear Power Plants Power, Nuclear 30,000-t recorded events Safety and commercial grade components, i.e. pumps, valves, diesels, filters, tanks, and heat exchangers from 4 nuclear and non nuclear power generating plants 70. 

SAIC Data Base Nudear Plant maintenance and repair records by system and component type selected basic event failure rates and unavailability Data mainly for pumps, valves, diesels, batteries, chargers, and heat exchangers 76. 

Pumps, valves, diesels, battery chargers, and 78. inverters from 4 nuclear power plants... 

DATA BOUNDARY Data for pumps, valves, electrical positioning devices,... 

This data collection effort was concentrated on the following components because of their extensive populations and repair action documentation pumps, valves, electrical positioning devices, electric motors, and drives. For each component type, preface pages and data summary tables are provided. Separate data summary tables are provided for each component type and are structured in a format that allows for the inclusion of the number of pieces of operating equipment, the total number of operating hours, total number of failures, and hourly failure rates with upper and lower bounds. 

DATA BOUNDARY Safety and commercial grade components, i.e. pumps, valves,... 

All data recorded in the data base have been acquired from plant records. Statistical reductions of data for generation of reports or specific end use are available. Data are currently collected from four operating plants (eight units). Time clocks have been installed on components, to record actual exposure time. Event data are available on a broad variety of safety and commercial grade components including pumps, valves, transformers, diesels, filters, tanks (vessels), and heat exchangers. 

SAIC s data bank focuses on pumps, valves, and other common major components, but due to its depth has also been applied to studies on items such as strainers and bursting discs. Access is based on the scope of work and the estimated labor hours required to search and sort the data. 

Three reports have been issued containing IPRDS failure data. Information on pumps, valves, and major components in NPP electrical distribution systems has been encoded and analyzed. All three reports provide introductions to the IPRDS, explain failure data collections, discuss the type of failure data in the data base, and summarize the findings. They all contain comprehensive breakdowns of failure rates by failure modes with the results compared with WASH-1400 and the corresponding LER summaries. Statistical tables and plant-specific data are found in the appendixes. Because the data base was developed from only four nuclear power stations, caution should be used for other than generic application. 

Data Summaries of Licensee Event Reports at U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants (Vanous Components) Nuclear 11209 one-fine event descriptions on specific component types failure rates and error factors Pumps, valves, diesels inverters, relays, circuit breakers (in separate reports) 100. 

DATA BOUNDARY Pumps,valves, diesels inverters, relays, circuit breakers... 

Equipment includes pumps, valves, batteries, 122, chargers, and breakers... 

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