Pulse period

FIG. 13 Differential pulse voltammograms for Au electrode modified with el6S-tl9-T12Fc ternary complex (filled circle) and el6S-ml9-T12Fc mismatch complex (open circle). Pulse amplitude, 50 mV pulse width, 50 ms pulse period, 200 ms. Other conditions are the same as those in Fig. 12. 

Figure 8.4 Differential pulse voltammetry of the major (a) and minor isomer (b) of La C82 and Y C82 (c) in o-DCB + 0.1M of ( -Bu)4NPF6 pulse amplitude 50 mV, pulse width 50 ms, pulse period 200 ms, scan rate 20 mV/s. Reproduced from Ref. 26, with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 17-18 Waveform tor square wave voltammetry. Typical parameters are pulse height (Ep) 25 mV, step height (EJ = 10 mV, and pulse period (r) = 5 ms. Current is measured in regions 1 and 2. Optimum values are Ep = 50/n mV and j = 10/n mV, where n is the number of electrons in the half-reaction.

Figure 17-19 Comparison of polarograms of 5 mM Cd2 in 1 M HCI. Waveforms are shown in Figures 17-15 and 17-18. Sampled current drop time = 1 s, step height = 4 mV, sampling time = 17 ms. Square wave drop time = 1 s, step height = 4 mV, pulse period = 67 ms, pulse height = 25 mV. sampling time = 17 ms.

Theoretically, the perturbation can be an arbitrary, more or less complex, function of time. However, only a limited number of functions have been shown to be of practical importance. These are known as step, pulse, double-step, double-pulse, periodic square wave and periodic sine wave. A survey of the most common techniques is found in Table 2. 

Identification of a Carbon-Fluorine Bond in the Raman Spectra of Organofluorine Compounds during Pulsed-Periodic Laser Excitation ... 

BrdU 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (also abbreviated BUdR or BrdUrd) is a thymidine analog that will be incorporated into the DNA of cycling cells. Cells pulsed with BrdU can then be stained with anti-BrdU monoclonal antibodies to indicate which cells have been synthesizing DNA during the pulse period. BrdU staining is a more precise way to look at the proportion of cells in S phase than simple propidium iodide staining for DNA content. 

Figure 5.13 Helium photoelectron angular distribution in the He+(2p) channel (logarithmic scale). x-Axis cosine of the electron ejection angle relative the laser polarization, y-axis total energy (1 a.u. 27 eV). (a) After the XUV-pulse after the IR-pulse for three different time delays, separated from each other by half the IR-pulse period, 15.53 fs (b), 16.87 fs(c), and 18.21 (d). The fringes in (b)-(d) arise due to the interference between the (XUV-pulse) direct ionization from the ground state and the (IR-pulse) ionization from the doubly excited populated by the XUV-pulse.

FIGURE 2.11 Magnetization vectors responding to a nominal 90° pulse. The vector representing magnetization precisely at resonance follows the desired trajectory to the x axis, and those representing off-resonance magnetizations fan out and do not quite reach the xy plane at the end of the pulse period. 

Figure 2. (a) Differential pulse voltammetry (80-mV pulse, 50-ms width, 200-ms pulse period, 10 mV/s scan rate) and (b) cyclic voltammetry at 100 mV/s of C40 in CHjCN/toluene at 25 C. Note that the sixth reduction is almost evident in the DPV. 

Fig. 20.14. DPV response for dsDNA detected by monitoring the silver in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 5.2) after 8 min. Silver enhancement of gold labels. Hybridization conditions the ssDNA captured electrode was shaken in 1.0 X 10 M gold nanoparticle probe solution (0.3 M PBS buffer) for 60 min at 42 °C. Potential range, +0.10 to +0.80 V (vs. SCE) pulse amplitude, 50 mV pulse width, 50 ms pulse period, 0.2 s. (1) DPV response of the gold nanoparticle-labeled oligonucleotides...

Based on the maximum of the conversion, Sardin et al. (1993) derived simple algebraic equations to calculate the optimum pulse period. These equations are based on the following assumptions ... 

A is the medium-retained component and products B and C can be separated. In this case the optimal pulse period is equal to the elution time and can be calculated by ... 

Electrodeposition using pulsed currents is known as pulse plating. The pulsed currents can be unipolar (on-off) or bipolar (current reversal). Pulses can be used along or be superimposed on a DC feed. By using the bipolar pulse, metal deposition occurs in the cathodic pulse period, with a limited amount of metal being... 

The intensity of the emitted laser light is plotted as a function of time. In the lowest panel of Figure 10.4.5, the laser is pulsing periodically. A bifurcation to intermittency occurs as the system s control parameter (the tilt of the mirror in the laser cavity) is varied. Moving from bottom to top of Figure 10.4.5, we see that the chaotic bursts occur increasingly often. 

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