Pulping black liquor

Derivation (1) From kraft pulping black liquor by heating with inorganic sulfur compounds (2) by interaction of a solution of potassium sulfide and methyl chloride in methanol. 

Process Industries Foam blankets on electroplating baths Sewage treatment effluent foams Mineral or oil flotation froths Foam fractionation Pulping black liquor foam... 

This instrument has been used to determine the water contents of many substances, included among them are polymers (131-137) pharmaceutical products such as penicillin, vitamins (138) effervescent tablets (139). Nuclear fuels, pulping black liquor, minerals (141) and coal (140) have also been studied. 

Keyoumu A, Sjddahl R, Henriksson G, Ek M, Gellerstedt G, and Lindstrom ME. Continuous nano- and ultrafiltration of kraft pulping black liquor with ceramic filters. A method for lowering the load on the recovery boiler while generating valuable side-products. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2004 20 143-150. 

Wood pulp black liquors have been sampled directly from the processing vessel using SIA. The instrumentation automated the sample pretreatment and cleanup over an aluminum oxide minicolumn and then presented them to a high-performance liquid chromatography system for the determination of pyrocatechol, pyrogallol, gallic acid, and proto-catechuic acid. 

A variety of waxy hydrophobic hydrocarbon-based solid phases are used including fatty acid amides and sulfonamides, hydrocarbon waxes such as montan wax [8002-53-7], and solid fatty acids and esters. The amides are particularly important commercially. One example is the use of ethylenediamine distear-amide [110-30-5] as a component of latex paint and paper pulp black liquor defoamer (14). Hydrocarbon-based polymers are also used as the solid components of... 

Through the use of lab tests implemented by the pulp and paper companies in the United States and Canada it was determined that all but one manual technique were both unrepeatable and inaccurate. During some years ago the operators of black liquor recovery boilers have been able to take advantage of the latest teehnology to inspect the wall thickness of the near drum generator tubes. The technology utilises immersion ultrasound and automated computer... 

Disk or cascade evaporators are used in the pulp and paper industry to recover heat and entrained chemicals from boiler stack gases and to effect a final concentration of the black liquor before it is... 

Kraft pulping is a common process in the paper industry. Figure 8.4 shows a simplifled flowsheet of the process. In this process, wood chips are reacted (cooked) with white liquor in a digester. White liquor (which contains primarily NaOH, NaiS, Na2C03 and water) is employed to dissolve lignin from the wood chips. The cooked pulp and liquor are passed to a blow tank where the pulp is separated from the spent liquor weak black liquor which is fed to a recovery system for... 

Because these variables have a very pronounced effect on the current density required to produce and also maintain passivity, it is necessary to know the exact operating conditions of the electrolyte before designing a system of anodic protection. In the paper and pulp industry a current of 4(KX) A was required for 3 min to passivate the steel surfaces after passivation with thiosulphates etc. in the black liquor the current was reduced to 2 7(X) A for 12 min and then only 600 A was necessary for the remainder of the process . From an economic aspect, it is normal, in the first instance, to consider anodically protecting a cheap metal or alloy, such as mild steel. If this is not satisfactory, the alloying of mild steel with a small percentage of a more passive metal, such as chromium, molybdenum or nickel, may decrease both the critical and passivation current densities to a sufficiently low value. It is fortunate that the effect of these alloying additions can be determined by laboratory experiments before application on an industrial scale is undertaken. 

Figure 2.6 (a) Small WT boiler, for HW/steam (b) large D-type, steam raising, industrial WT boiler (c) radiant WT boiler for utility power and (d) pulp mill recovery boiler, burning black liquor. 

Black Liquor Recovery Boilers Many special boiler designs have been developed around the world for the pulp and paper industry, including black liquor recovery boilers. 

Black liquor is 13 to 17% strength, rinsed extract from washed and cooked woodchip pulp, produced in the Kraft pulping process. This... 

Various permutations of the black liquor recovery boiler design are used to combust soda liquors in the soda pulping process and alkaline earth liquors and ammonium liquor (red liquor) in the sulfite pulping process. 

The use of the lignin fraction is much more cumbersome currently the best-known chemical of a real commercial importance is vanillin, which is obtained by oxidation of the black liquor. Another example is a product called spray-dried lignosulfonate (as sodium salt) obtained from the older, acidic sulfite pulping process. It is sold as a commercial product primarily as a concrete additive for enhanced strength. Since the cement industry is one of the big contributors of carbon dioxide emissions (due to the production of calcium oxide from calcium carbonate), the use of this renewable, wood-derived product not only is fossil-carbon neutral in itself but also reduces carbon dioxide emission due to the diminished need for cement in large infrastructures made of concrete. 

Pulping liquors. Pulping liquor, also called black liquor, is a corrosive material used to dissolve wood chips for the manufacturing of paper and other materials. To promote waste minimization and recycling, U.S. EPA excluded pulping liquors from the definition of solid waste if they are reclaimed in a recovery furnace and then reused in the pulping process. If the liquors are recycled in another way, or are accumulated speculatively, they are not excluded. 

The pulp and paper industry generates hazardous wastes, but most are associated with wastewater, which is rendered nonhazardous in wastewater treatment or neutralization units within the manufacturing facilities and therefore is not subject to RCRA requirements. Also, black liquor is exempt as a solid waste if it is reclaimed in a recovery furnace and reused in the pulping process. 

Clouthier J-N, Azarniouch MR, Callender D (1992) Electrolysis of weak black liquor, Part I, Laboratory study, Paper presented at the 1992 Int Chem Recovery Conf for Pulp and Paper Ind, Seattle, June, and ref. therein (16-21)... 

Kraft pulping involves the cooking of wood chips at 340-350°F and 100-135 psi in liquor that contains sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, and sodium carbonate. This process promotes cleavage of the various ether bonds in lignin and the degradative products so formed dissolve in alkaline pulping liquor. The Kraft process normally incorporates several steps to recover chemicals from the spent black liquor [3]. 

COMPOSITION OF SPENT PULPING LIQUORS 10.4.1 Kraft Pulping Liquors (Black Liquors)... 

A number of studies have evaluated the toxicity of pulping hquors, in particular the black liquors generated from Kraft mills. Table 8 shows a partial representation of toxicity data compiled by the NCASI (National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement) and McKee and Wolf for Kraft mill pulping wastewaters [15,16]. The table indicates that hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, crude sulfate soap, and salts of fatty and resin acids are particularly... 

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