Pulmonary colonization

Soslow RA, Dannenberg AJ, Rush D, et al. COX-2 is expressed in human pulmonary, colonic, and mammary tumors. Cancer 2000 89 2637-2645. 

Humphries, M. J., Matsumoto, K., White, S. L. and Olden, K. (1986a). Ohgosac-charide modification by swainsonine treatment inhibits pulmonary colonization by B16-F10 murine melanoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1752-1756. 

Nojirimycin (247) inhibited protein synthesis and decreased the specific activity of y-glutamyltransferase in rat hepatoma cells [547]. It stimulated [5-glucosidase synthesis in Sporotrichum thermophile [548], and inhibited pulmonary colonization by B16-F10 murine melanoma cells [549],... 

PTX-2 was toxic to KB (human epidermoid carcinoma) cells in vitro at a concentration of 58 nM [14]. In contrast, no evidence of a toxic effect in these cells was seen with PTX-2 seco acid or l-epi-VTX-2 seco acid at a concentration of 2 pM [14]. PTX-2 has been screened for selective cytotoxic activity against 60 human tumour cell lines by the US National Cancer Institute. It was selectively toxic to several cell lines of ovarian, renal, pulmonary, colonic, cerebral, and mammary tumors at nanomolar concentrations, but was ineffective against leukemia or prostate cancer cell lines [37]. PTX-2 was toxic to Vero (monkey renal epithelial) cells at a concentration of 0.58 pM... 

Bion JE, Badger I, Crosby HA, et al. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces gram-negative pulmonary colonization but not systemic endotoxe-mia in patients undergoing elective liver transplantation. Crit Care Med 1994 22 40-49. 

Pulmonary disease is characterized by thick mucus secretions, impaired mucus clearance, chronic airway infection and colonization, obstruction, and an exaggerated neutrophil-dominated inflammatory response. 

The use of the aerosol route for delivery of antibiotics for pulmonary infections remains controversial. The majority of pediatric studies have been conducted in children with cystic fibrosis. In these patients distribution of the antibiotic to the desired tissue site is impeded because of the viscosity of the sputum in patients with acute exacerbations of their pulmonary infections [91,92], Long-term studies have demonstrated preventive benefits of aerosolized antibiotics in children with cystic fibrosis who are colonizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in their lungs but are not acutely ill [93,94], Cyclic administration of tobramycin administered by nebulizer has received FDA approval [95],... 

Administration of Certain Proteases to Animals Enhances Metastasis. Administration of specific proteases to animals has been found to stimulate the production of metastasis. For example, in rabbits, administration of uPA has been found to enhance the metastasis of V2 carcinomas (K11), while in mice, exogenous uPA increased pulmonary metastasis from Lewis lung carcinomas (Tl). Also, infusion of thrombin into syngenic mice stimulated pulmonary metastasis from both colon carcinoma cells and melanoma cells (N5). This enhanced formation of metastasis in the presence of thrombin may result from increased tumor cell-platelet interaction in the presence of the protease (N5). 

Loy, T. S. and Calaluce, R. D. (1994) Utility of cytokeratin immunostaining in separating pulmonary adenocarcinomas from colonic carcinomas. Am. J. Clin. 

Meperidine differs from morphine in that it has far less antitussive effect and little constipative effect. The drug is particularly useful in cancer patients and in pulmonary patients, in whom the cough reflex must remain intact. However, it does have more seizure-inducing activity than morphine. Although meperidine produces spasms of the biliary tract and colon, such spasms are of shorter duration than those produced by morphine. 

P. aeruginosa is commonly found in the bronchial secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. In one study, daily inhalation of large doses of tobramycin decreased the colonization by this organism 100-fold and significantly improved pulmonary function. 

The increased expression of adhesion molecules by the endothelium may activate polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in rabbits [72], During endotoxic shock, activated PMNs release their granule content and secrete both proinflammatory and cytotoxic molecules. Pickaver et al. [73] were the first to show PMN cytotoxicity against tumor cells. We showed that PMNs are toxic for PROb colon tumor cells [74] in BDEX rats. In vivo, PMNs have been implicated in the Schwartzman reaction [75], and may be involved in LPS-induced tumor necrosis. PMNs, when activated by LPS, synthesize and release NO. The role of NO in tumor growth will be discussed later. The decrease in tumor growth after intradermal injections of LPS is attributed to the induction of TNF-a secretion by PMNs both in intradermal tumors (Meth A sarcoma in BALB/c mice, MH-134 hepatoma in C3H/He mice, Lewis Lung carcinomas in C57BL/6 mice) and pulmonary Meth A metastases [76,77],... 

Saprophytic colonization is found with increased incidence in patients with underlying pulmonary diseases, such as in advanced stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic asthma requiring administration of adrenal corticosteroids, primary ciliary dyskinesia syndrome and cystic fibrosis [4-7]. A.fumigatus is the predominant species cultured from the respiratory tract although other Aspergillus species may also be found occasionally. 

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