Overcoming Barriers

Obstacles exist in some management styles that can inhibit or destroy relationship-building. Some of these are  

Research and development people need to begin to make the preferred snpplier their ehoice. Old habits die slow Suppliers from previous jobs m be hard to eliminate. 

Desire for the status quo by either company needs to be removed so problems can be solved at their root and everyone can get beyond dealing only with symptoms. 

History has to be placed on the table and dealt with so a new page can be turned. Old problems must not be brought up over and over once they have been dealt with. We need to deal with today s situations. 

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For a conformation in a relatively deep local minimum, a room temperature molecular dynamics simulation may not overcome the barrier and search other regions of conformational space in reasonable computing time. To overcome barriers, many conformational searches use elevated temperatures (600-1200 K) at constant energy. To search conformational space adequately, run simulations of 0.5-1.0 ps each at high temperature and save the molecular structures after each simulation. Alternatively, take a snapshot of a simulation at about one picosecond intervals to store the structure. Run a geometry optimization on each structure and compare structures to determine unique low-energy conformations. 

SS Davis. Overcoming barriers to the oral administration of peptide drugs. J Pharm Sci 11 353-355, 1990. 

Ota, N. Brunger, A.T., Overcoming barriers in macromolecular simulations non-Boltzmann thermodynamic integration, Theor. Chem. Acc. 1997, 98, 171-181... 

Obviously, the model is crude and does not take into account many of the factors operating in a real molecular stack. Lack of symmetry with respect to the polar axis and the fact that dipoles may not necessarily be situated in one plane represent additional complications. The angle a could also be field dependent which is ignored in the model. The model also requires that interactions between molecules in adjacent stacks be very weak in order for fields of 10 to 20KV/cm to overcome barriers for field induced reorientation. The cores are then presumably composed of a more or less ordered assembly of stacks with a structure similar to smectic liquid crystals. 

Table 1.1. Prodrugs A Concept to Overcome Barriers and Enhance a Drug s Usefulness [15][21]...

The NIH and the pharmaceutical industry have formed a new partnership to overcome barriers to early-phase clinical trials. The Secretary of Health and Human Services, Tommy Thompson, announced on July 9, 2003 grant awards for six cancer centers involved in a unique public-private partnership. Five pharmaceutical companies together with NCI put forth a total of 5.7 million for this partnership. Institutions receiving the funding include Massachusetts General Hospital University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Washington University, St. Louis University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute University of California, Davis Cancer Center and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (http //WWW. bms.com/news/other/data/pf other.news.385 5. html). 

Some interviewees had to overcome barriers imposed by their parents. In one case, the father (a sharecropper) did not see the value of a formal education for his son. According to the interviewee, his father actively discouraged academic... 

Prior to its uptake into the blood (i.e during absorption), a drug has to overcome barriers that demarcate the body from its surroundings, i.e separate the internal milieu from the external milieu. These boundaries are formed by the skin and mucous membranes. 

In interdisciplinary endeavors, department chairs have a number of administrative barriers that cause them to be reluctant to engage in partnerships (1) how to distribute expenses for necessary materials across departments (2) how to allocate the time commitment of faculty across departments (3) intellectual property issues and (4) the burden of adding electives in addition to core coursework. To overcome barriers in interdisciplinary endeavors, department must see the value in collaboration. A reward system to motivate these partnerships may encourage interdisciplinary collaboration and encourage departments to see the value in collaboration outside their departments, but other value propositions must also be identifled. 

The next major consideration during optimization for the pharmacokinetic/pharmaceutical phase concerns the design of drugs to overcome barriers during their distribution. Of these barriers, the blood-brain barrier is by far the most important to the drug designer. 

Dipolar broadening constitutes a routinely-overcome barrier in high-resolution NMR of solids, and the consequences are readily removed in the... 

Parenteral administration has been the preferred route because it allows complete systemic availability. Non-parenteral administration of antisense oligonucleotides is only made possible with the aid of novel formulations intended to overcome barriers to absorption (see Chapter 10). Similar to first-generation anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASOs), the pharmacokinetics of2 -MOE partially modified ASOs are characterized by ... 

Overcoming Barriers How California Managed to Reduce Its Air Pollution... 

When cells are placed in external apphed electric fields, they experience an electric force. Electroporation involves the use of short, high voltage pulses to overcome barrier of the cell membrane. When a cell is submitted to an external electric field of high intensity and short duration (kV/cm, p,s), transient and dramatic increase in the permeability of the plasma membrane occurs beyond a point. This phenomenon is popularly called electroporation or electropermeabilization, which allows entry of otherwise impermeable exogenous molecules into the cell interior. This phenomenon has been an active area of research in biology and bioelectrochemistry for more than three decades [3,4] and has found many apphcations in cell biology. 

Gabor [19] first proposed holography in 1948 as a means to overcome barriers in doing lensless electron microscopy and avoiding inherent spherical aberrations. He proposed that if a known wave is allowed to interfere with an unknown wave, the resulting interference pattern can be stored as a hologram, which contains most of... 

TABLE 2.2 Techniques Used by Experts to Overcome Barriers to Problem Solving... 

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