Power and pollution

The unplanned growth of cities Is accompanied by Increased traffic, energy consumption. Industrial activity and pollution. Stationary sources such as power plants, emit most of the SO, and some of the SPH and NO,. Host of the CO and Pb and much of the particulate matter and Oj are emitted from mobile sources (cars, trucks, buses, planes, etc.). 

Emissions in excess of allotted levels are taxed. As an incentive to clean up emissions, companies that emit less than their allotted amounts are allowed to sell their unsued portions (so-called emission credits) to other companies. Several years ago, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which operates 11 coal-fired electricity plants, purchased emission credits from Wisconsin Power and Light. The TVA bought pollution rights for the emission of 1.00 X 10 tons of sulfur dioxide per year at a price of 275 per ton. How much will it cost to emit 1 mol of SO2 How many molecules can be emitted for 1.00 ... 

The spurred impetus has been given to developing non pollutant vehicles, and consequently, the clean cars driven by the fuel cells loading proton exchange membranes (PEMFC), which based upon Nafion, have been surprisingly developed. A promising less pollutant and economical system is also expected, which will be the on site cogeneration system of electric power and the hot water supply with use of fuel cells combined with city gas pipe-lines. 

Turbo-Oktan 115 A small-pack version of Feterol for increasing the octane number directly in the fuel tank. The agent eliminates detonation, enhances power and extends engine life while its excess of oxygen improves combustion and thus reduces pollution. 

The pressurized system will generate 220 kilowatts of power and be operated at 3 atm of pressure. The fuel cell is made up of 1152 individual tubular ceramic cells and generates about 200 kilowatts of electricity. The microturbine generator will produce an additional 20 kilowatts of electricity at full power. No sulfur dioxide pollutants will be released into the air. Nitrogen oxide emissions are likely to be less than 1 ppm. 

The scope and scale of pollution from radionuclides has been greatly reduced due to (1) the cessation of aboveground nuclear bomb testing, (2) an international ban on the dumping of nuclear wastes at sea, and (3) better control of discharges from power and fuel reprocessing plants. 

For soybean-based biodiesel at this concentration, the estimated emission impacts for percent change in emissions of NO,, particular matter (PM), HC, and CO were +20%, -10.1%, -21.1%, and -11.0%, respectively (EPA, 2002). The use of blends of biodiesel and diesel oil are preferred in engines in order to avoid some problems related to the decrease of power and torque, and to the increase of NO, emissions (a contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and ozone) that occurs with an increase in the content of pure biodiesel in a blend. Emissions of all pollutants except NO appear to decrease when biodiesel is used. The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine dramatically reduces the emissions of unbumed hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ozone-forming hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. The net contribution of carbon dioxide from biomass combustion is small. 

Flowers, Sir Brian (Chairman) "Nuclear Power and the Environment" Sixth Report of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, HMSO, London, 1976... 

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