Psychological experiment

For human beings, two different memory categories have been introduced. According to Schacter, imphcit (or unconscious/unaware) memory is revealed when previous experiences facilitate performance on a task that does not require conscious or intentional recollection of those experiences. Explicit memory, in turn, is revealed when the performance of a task requires conscious recollection of previous experiences. These are descriptive concepts that are primarily concerned with a person s psychological experience at the time of memory retrieval. Accordingly, the concepts of implicit and expUcit memory neither refer to nor imply the existence of two independent or separate memory systems (Schacter 1987). As these two memory categories cannot be easily appHed to the situation in animals, they will not be further considered in this chapter. 

Apart from some technical refinements, many of the methods described by Kraepelin in his 1892 monograph are still used today in psychological experiments dealing with various aspects of mental performance. What has... 

This sort of thinking seems to be a good description of the psychological experiences and concepts of many psychics and mystics [49], as well as stemming from experiences in altered states of consciousness, but until someone tells us how to translate this idea into testable predictions that would be different from those generated from the idea of some kind of channel extending through space or time, we cannot consider it a scientific theory. So, in our model we shall stick with the idea of a channel. 

Consider the ordinary psychological experiment the experimenter almost always has a very definite expectation of how the experiment should come out and may be quite emotionally involved in obtaining that outcome. The outcome may mean a lot to him theoretically it may mean the difference as to whether he can publish a report about the experiment or not, and the number and success of reports he publishes is closely related to his promotion in the academic world. Emotional motivation usually favors the occurrence of psi. Although I fear that this idea will probably be emotionally rejected by most psychologists, I believe that almost all psychological experiments need to be reexamined to see to what extent they are accurate accounts of what actually goes on with people and to what extent they might be products of experimenter bias. 

An initial glance at psychological experience seems to show many contradictions to this, we do all sorts of things every day in ways that, even to our own perception, are certainly not the most economical ways. An observer may detect even more wasted energy. Suppose I carry a book from here into the next room, if I observe the action carefully, I will probably find that I have not used my body in a way that requires a minimal expenditure of energy to move the book from here to there. 

On the social psychology of the psychological experiment with particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. Am. Psychologist, 1962, 17, 776-783. 

My real first impression had been the tremendous psychological experience for which all words are inadequate. 

As a result of psychiatric and psychological experiments, many mental patients and volunteers (an example of the latter is the novelist Ken Kesey) were exposed to the effects of LSD and other psychedelics. Sandoz deserves most of the credit for this, because it distributed LSD and psilocybin to licensed researchers all over the world, mostly free of charge. This was done with hopes that a researcher somewhere would find a medical use for these novel compounds. 

You can activate the brain in sleep in whatever way you like, but you will not produce the psychological experience of dreaming without activating the parietal cortex or deep frontal white matter. Why not Are these restricted and discrete brain regions the brain s seats of dreaming Probably not. More likely they constitute connections allowing other brain regions to communicate with one another in such a way as to sustain dream consciousness. 

Try reading upside down for a page or two. Surprisingly, psychological experiments have found that many people can work up to almost normal reading speed within a page or two. After the initial work, automatization of the perceptual simulation/construction process can be surprisingly fast. 

Contrary to their classical counterparts, operations on fuzzy sets are not unique. This is a natural consequence of the fact—well-established by numerous psychological experiments—that logical connectives (not, and, or, etc.) in linguistic expressions have different meanings when applied by... 

Implicit in the act of mapping an individual s psychological experiences is the assumption of a reasonable degree of stability of the individual s structure and functioning over time. The work necessary to obtain a map would be wasted if the map had to be changed before it had been used. 

Orne, M. The nature of hypnosis Artifact and essence. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol, 1959, 58, 277-299. —, On the social psychology of the psychological experiment With particular reference to... 

Every feeling or emotion you have—in fact, all psychological experience—is based on brain activity. The fact that this physical entity, the brain, is the basis of conscious experience is the key to understanding how the chemical agents we call drugs alter psychological processes. 

Many diverse psychological experiments have been able to show that information from a briefly encountered experience, although not subsequently accessible to normal recall of memory, nevertheless provides data which the subject uses "unconsciously". (10) in recent studies, the terms "explicit memory" and "implicit memory" are used to denote sensory information which can, or cannot be consciously recalled. 

In a psychological experiment that deserves to be far better known outside the trade, Bruner and Postman asked experimental subjects to identify on short and controlled exposure a series of playing cards. Many of the cards were normal, but some were made anomalous, e.g., a red six of spades and a black four of hearts. Each experimental run was constituted by the display of a single card to a single subject in a series of gradually increased exposures. After each exposure the subject was... 

Hermelin B, O Connor N (1970) Psychological experiments with autistic children. Oxford Oxford... 

Hatcher SL The psychological experience of nursing mothers upon learning of a toxic substance in their breast milk. Psychiatry 45 172-181, 1982 Health Aspects of the Disposal of Waste Chemicals. New York, Pergamon, 1986 Hefez A The role of the press and the medical community in the epidemic of mysterious gas poisoning in the Jordon West Bank. Am J Psychiatry 142 833-837, 1985... 

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