Memory explicit

Bishop KI and Curran HY (1995). Psychopharmacological analysis of implicit and explicit memory A study with lorazepam and the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil. Psychopharmacology, 121, 267-278. 

Declarative memory, also termed explicit memory, is memory of places, events, facts and people, and is dependent on the temporal lobe system. Retrieval of these memories requires conscious recollection. This type of memory tends to form easily and be forgotten easily. 

The flip side of explicit memory is implicit memory. Implicit memory refers to things like skills and habits. When you drive from your office or school to your home every day, you are using your implicit memory to guide you. When you shoot free throws on the basketball court, it is your implicit memory that guides your actions. Long-term implicit memories are stored in various places in the brain the amygdala, cerebellum, or striatum. 

Temporal lobe brain structures, in particular the hippocampal formation, appear to play a pivotal yet transient role in the formation of new explicit memories. This chapter focuses on possible neurochemical mechanisms underlying the encoding of new information in the hippocampus and the modulation of memory function by different neurotransmitter systems in the brain. 

ROVEE-COLLIER, Carolyn, Harlene HAYNE and Michael COLOMBO The Development of Implicit and Explicit Memory. 2000. 

For human beings, two different memory categories have been introduced. According to Schacter, imphcit (or unconscious/unaware) memory is revealed when previous experiences facilitate performance on a task that does not require conscious or intentional recollection of those experiences. Explicit memory, in turn, is revealed when the performance of a task requires conscious recollection of previous experiences. These are descriptive concepts that are primarily concerned with a person s psychological experience at the time of memory retrieval. Accordingly, the concepts of implicit and expUcit memory neither refer to nor imply the existence of two independent or separate memory systems (Schacter 1987). As these two memory categories cannot be easily appHed to the situation in animals, they will not be further considered in this chapter. 

Keenan, P.A., Jacobson, M.W., Soleymani, R.M., and Newcomeer, J.W. (1995) Commonly used therapeutic doses of glucocorticoids impair explicit memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 761 400 02. 

Explicit memory depends upon die temporal lobe of die midbrain, an area tiiat includes the hippocampus and die nearby subiculum and entorhinal cortex.966 968-971 Implicit associative learning and memory involve die cerebellum, amygdala, and other regions.972 9723... 

The effects of prednisone on memory have been assessed (SEDA-21, 413 90). Glucocorticoid-treated patients performed worse than controls in tests of explicit memory. Pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone (2.5 g over 5 days, 5 g over 7 days, or 10 g over 5 days) caused impaired memory in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, but this effect is reversible, according to the results of an Italian study (91). Compared with ten control patients, there was marked selective impairment of explicit memory in 14 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone. However, this memory impairment completely resolved 60 days after methylprednisolone treatment. 

Keenan P, Yaldoo DT, Stress ME, Fuerst DR, Ginsburg KA. Explicit memory in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998 179 731-737. 

Another possibility is to introduce explicit memory into the emerging substructure, such that substructures that have been advantageous to the structures that harbored them will get some level of immunity from changes. This can be achieved by biasing the selection of crossover points to respect the integrity of successful substructures or by making mutations less likely in these regions. 

Lorazepam shares with other benzodiazepines the ability to impair explicit memory, but has a distinct further effect on implicit memory as well (10). However, it impairs memory more than its chemically and kinetically similar analogue, oxazepam (11). The effects of lorazepam 2.5 mg and diazepam 0.3 mg/kg on explicit and implicit memory tasks have been examined in 24 men and 24 women randomly allocated to lorazepam, diazepam, or placebo (10). An implicit word-stem completion task and explicit memory tasks of immediate and delayed word recall and word recognition were administered 90 minutes after drug administration. Both diazepam and lorazepam significantly impaired performance on explicit memory measures. Only lorazepam significantly impaired performance on the implicit memory task. 

Buffett-Jerrott SE, Stewart SH, Finley GA, Loughlan HL. Effects of benzodiazepines on explicit memory in a paediatric surgery setting. Psychopharmacology 2003 168 377-86. 

In 30 subjects who were given an acute dose of oxazepam 30 mg, lorazepam 2 mg, or placebo, both drugs impaired explicit memory relative to placebo. Also, both oxazepam and lorazepam impaired priming performance. The results suggested that episodic memory is time-dependently impaired by both benzodiazepines (4). 

Buffett-Jerrott SE, Stewart SH, Bird S, Teehan MD. An examination of differences in the time course of oxazepam s effects on implicit vs explicit memory. J Psychopharmacol 1998 12(4) 338 17. 

Buffett-Jerrott SE, Stewart SH, Teehan MD. A further examination of the time-dependent effects of oxazepam and lorazepam on implicit and explicit memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998 138(3 t) 344-53. 

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