PSYCHO

Vinpocetine (2), another dmg initially categorized as a cerebral vasodilator, is a member of the vinca alkaloid family of agents (7). However, interest in this compound as a potential dmg for learning and memory deficits comes from its abiUty to act as a neuronal protectant. This compound was evaluated in 15 patients with AD over a one-year period and was ineffective in improving cognitive deficits or slowing the rate of decline (8). However, in studies of patients with chronic vascular senile cerebral dysfunction (9) and organic psycho syndrome (10), vinpocetine showed beneficial results. 

Psychedelic Hallucinogen Psycho Energizers Psychomotor Stimulant Diugs Psychostimulants Psychotogenic Psychotomimetic Drugs PT... 

Partial or focal seizures arise from a localized area in the brain and cause specific symptoms. A partial seizure can spread to the entire brain and cause a generalized seizure. Fhrtial seizures include simple seizures in which consciousness is not impaired, jack-sonian seizures (a focal seizure that begins with an uncontrolled stiffening or jerking in one part of the body such as finger, mouth, hand, or foot that may progress to a generalized seizure), and psycho motor seizures. 

Anton RF, Moak DH, Latham PK, et al Posttreatment results of combining naltrexone and cognitive-behavior therapy for the treatment of alcoholism. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 21 72—77, 2000... 

Seecof R, Tennant FS Subjective perceptions to the intravenous rush of heroin and cocaine in opioid addicts. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 12 79—87, 1987 Sees KL, Delucci KL, Masson C, et al Methadone maintenance vs. 180-day psycho-socially enriched detoxification for treatment of opioid dependence a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 283 1303-1310, 2000 Sells SB Treatment effectiveness, in Handbook on Drug Abuse. Edited by Dupont RE, Goldstein A, O Donnell J. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979, pp 105-118... 

Griffiths RR, Wolf B Relative abuse liability of different benzodiazepines in drug abusers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 10 237-243, 1990 Griffiths RR, Weerts EM Benzodiazepine self-administration in humans and laboratory animals—implications for problems of long-term use and abuse. Psycho-pharmacology (Berl) 134 1-37, 1997... 

Nutt DJ, Linnoila M Neuroreceptor science a clarification of terms. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 8 387-389, 1988... 

Williams H, Oyefeso A, Ghodse AH Benzodiazepine misuse and dependence among opiate addicts in treatment. It J Psychol Med 13 62-64, 1996 Wiseman SM, Spencer-Peet J Prescribing for alcoholics a survey of drugs taken prior to admission to an alcoholism unit. Practitioner 229 88—89, 1985 Wolf B, Grohmann R, Biber D, et al Benzodiazepine abuse and dependence in psychiatric inpatients. Pharmacopsychiatry 22 54—60, 1989 Wood MR, Kim JJ, Han W, et al Benzodiazepines as potent and selective bradykinin B1 antagonists. J Med Chem 46 1803—1806, 2003 Zawertailo LA, Busto UE, Kaplan HL, et al Comparative abuse liability and pharmacological effects of meprobamate, triazolam, and butabarbital. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 23 269-280, 2003... 

Shader RI, Greenblatt DJ. Phenelzine and the dream machine ramblins and reflections. J Clin Psycho-pharmacol 5(2) 65, 1985. 

Schroeder SR, Hawk B. 1987. Psycho-social factors, lead exposure and IQ. Monogr Am Assoc Ment Defic S 97-137. 

Carrera M., Ashley J., Parsons L., Wirschung P., Koob G. Suppression of psycho-active effects of cocaine by active immunization. Nature. 378 727, 1995. 

Xi Z.X., Gilbert J., Campos A.C. et al. Blockade of mesolimbic dopamine D3 receptors inhibits stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats. Psycho pharmacology (Berlin). 176 57, 2004. 

Petro DJ (1980). Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm or spasticity. Psycho-somatics, 21, 81-85. 

General anesthetics Intravenous (IV) anesthetics Sedatives and hypnotics Ethanol and related alcohols Psycho t o m i m etic s Antipsychotics... 

Elizabeth Severn Psycho-Therapy Its Doctrine and Practice (London Rider and Co., 1913, and through a fourth edition in 1935 Philadelphia David McKay, 1913 in multiple impressions New York David McKay, 1916). 

Vaughan, R. Phosphorylation and regulation of psycho-stimulant-sensitive neurotransmitter transporters. /. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310 1-7, 2004. 

Pharmacists also perform an important role as educators of patients (Fleischer, 1999). This is a safety role, because many drugs are safe if used as intended but unsafe if used differently from the way they are intended. Pharmacists routinely inform patients about the need to ingest medications at certain times of the day to ensure steady blood levels. They caution about drowsiness or other manageable side effects. Psycho-social issues are also important in patient education by pharmacists, because every patient develops a unique medication use behavior, and sometimes these behaviors can interfere with the effectiveness of drug therapy (Bloom, 1996). 

Wikler, W.A. Pescor, F.T., Classical conditioning of a morphine abstinence phenomenon, reinforcement of opioid drinking behavior and relapse in morphine-addicted rats, Psycho-pharmacologia 10, 255, 1967. 

Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. et al., Psycho-oncology and cancer Psychoneuroimmunology and cancer, Ann. Oncol.,13 Suppl 4, 165, 2002. 

Martin, W. R., and Eades, C. G. (1967) Pharmacological studies of spinal cord adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms and their relation to physical dependence on morphine. Psycho-pharmacologia, 11 195-223. 

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