Seizures simple

Seizures. Simple isolated seizures may require only observation and supportive care. Repetitive seizures or status epilepticus require therapy. Give IV diazepam or lorazepam followed by fosphenytoin and/or phenobarbital. Pancuronium may also be considered. 

It is used as adjunctive treatment of seizures including refractory seizures, simple and complex partial seizures. 

Therapeutic uses Phenytoin is highly effective for all partial seizures (simple and complex), for tonic-clonic seizures, and in the treatment of status epilepticus caused by recurrent tonic-clonic seizures (Figure 15.3). Phenytoin is not effective for absence seizures, which often may worsen if such a patient is treated with this drug. 

Therapeutic uses Carbamazepine is highly effective for all partial seizures (simple and complex) and is often the drug of first choice. In addition the drug is highly effective for tonic-clonic seizures and is used to treat trigeminal neuralgia. It has occasionally been used in manic-depressive patients to ameliorate the symptoms. 

Single type of partial seizure (simple partial, complex partial, or secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizure) or single type of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures... 

Partial seizures, simple Consciousness preserved manifested variously as convulsive jerking, paresthesias, psychic symptoms (altered sensory perception, illusions, hallucinations, affect changes) and autonomic dysfunction... 

Partial or focal seizures arise from a localized area in the brain and cause specific symptoms. A partial seizure can spread to the entire brain and cause a generalized seizure. Fhrtial seizures include simple seizures in which consciousness is not impaired, jack-sonian seizures (a focal seizure that begins with an uncontrolled stiffening or jerking in one part of the body such as finger, mouth, hand, or foot that may progress to a generalized seizure), and psycho motor seizures. 

Complex partial seizures manifest themselves as bizarre behaviours which are also known as psychomotor or temporal lobe epilepsy, since a lesion (focus) is often found in that brain area. Repetitive and apparently purposeful movements vary from simple hand clenching or rubbing to more bizarre hand movements and walking. These can last a few minutes, often disrupt other ongoing activity or speech and the patient has no subsequent memory of them. Complex seizures may develop from simple ones. 

This laboratory has utilized two approaches to define further the anticonvulsant properties of PCP. One approach involved a relatively simple convulsant model, pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions. In this model, the administration of ketamine alone, or in combination with several known anticonvulsants, was tested. Ketamine, as a structural analog of PCP, shares many of the pharmacological properties associated with PCP. The second approach involved a more complex model, hippocampal-kindled seizures. 

Simple The patient will have a sensation or uncontrolled muscle movement of a portion of their body without an alteration in consciousness. The type of sensation or movement is dependent on the location of seizure in the brain. 

Complex Although the seizure is localized in a specific area of the brain, like a simple partial seizure, this seizure causes an alteration in the patient s level of consciousness. 

Secondarily generalized Seizures that start as a simple or complex partial seizure and spread to involve the entire brain. Patients may report a warning or aura, and these are actually the start of the seizure. 

Acute neurologic events, such as stroke, will require hospitalization and close monitoring. Patients should have physical and neurologic examinations every 2 hours.27 Acute treatment may include exchange transfusion or simple transfusion to maintain hemoglobin at around 10 g/dL (100 g/L or 6.2 mmol/L) and HbS concentration at less than 30%. Patients with a history of seizure may need anticonvulsants, and interventions for increased intracranial pressure should be initiated if necessary. Children with a history of stroke should be initiated on chronic transfusion therapy. Adults presenting with ischemic stroke should be considered for thrombolytic therapy if it has been less than 3 hours since the onset of symptoms.6,27... 

Phenotype determined by cortical region activated (e.g. if motor cortex representing left thumb is activated, then left thumb jerking results). Consciousness is preserved Impaired consciousness lasting seconds to minutes, often associated with automatisms such as lip smacking Simple or partial complex seizure evolves into a tonic-clonic seizure with loss of consciousness. There are sustained muscular contractions (tonic) followed by periods of relaxation (clonic) lasting 1-2 min... 

Partial (focal) seizures begin in one hemisphere of the brain and, unless they become secondarily generalized, result in an asymmetric seizure. Partial seizures manifest as alterations in motor functions, sensory or somatosensory symptoms, or automatisms. If there is no loss of consciousness, the seizures are called simple partial. If there is loss of consciousness, they are termed complex partial, and the patients may have automatisms, memory loss, or aberrations of behavior. 

Partial seizures with secondary generalization Simple partial Somatomotor Dysphasic Other types Complex partial Elementary Temporal lobe, psychomotor, epi-... 

This chapter will focus on (1) basic principles of search and seizure law (2) the balance between law enforcement s use of science and technological advances to the Fourth Amendment (3) when exploitation of technology should be governed by the Fourth Amendment constraints of unreasonable searches as it pertains to explosives and dangerous chemicals and (4) effect of the USA Patriot Act and related legislation on the Fourth Amendment. The question of what constitutionally determines a reasonable search is simple, its answer and application are not. 

Epilepsy For use as sole and adjunctive therapy in the treatment of simple and complex absence seizures and adjunctively in patients with multiple seizure types that include absence seizures as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in the treatment of patients with complex partial seizures that occur in isolation or in association with other types of seizures. 

Simple and complex absence seizures The recommended initial dose is 15 mg/kg/day increase at 1-week intervals by 5 to 10 mg/kg/day until seizures are controlled or side effects preclude further increase. The maximum recommended dosage is 60 mg/kg/day. If the total daily dose is more than 250 mg, give in divided doses. 

I. Partial (focal, local) seizures A. Simple partial seizures... 

Unlabeled Uses Prevention of migraine treatment of behavior disorders in Alzheimer s disease bipolar disorder chorea, myoclonic, simple partial, and tonic-clonic seizures organic brain syndrome schizophrenia status epilepticus tardive dyskinesia... 

Valproic acid, valproate sodium, and (DVP) are carboxylic acid-derivative anticonvulsants. Divalproex sodium is a stable coordination compound consisting of valproic acid and valproate sodium in a 1 1 molar ratio (AHFS, 2000). It is a pro-drug of valproate, dissociating into valproate in the GI tract (AHFS, 2000), and a simple branched-chain carboxylic acid (w-dipropylacetic acid) with antiepileptic activity against a variety of types of seizures (Beydoun et al., 1997). Divalproex sodium has been approved for treating adults with simple and complex absence seizures (Mattson et al., 1992), and for mania. It has shown efficacy across a broad spectrum of BD subtypes (i.e., pure mania, mixed mania, and rapid cycling) (Pope et al., 1991 Bowden et al., 1994). 

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are used as anticonvulsant drugs in the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy, a medical disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, has many different forms. The four most common seizure types are generalized tonic-clonic seizures (old name grand mal seizures), generalized absence seizures (petit mal seizures), complex partial seizures (psychomotor or temporal lobe seizures), and simple partial seizures (focal seizures). 

It is mainly used as adjunctive therapy in patients for simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures, secondary generalised tonic and clonic seizures. 

The least complicated partial seizure is the simple partial seizure, characterized by minimal spread of the abnormal discharge such that normal consciousness and awareness are preserved. For example, the patient may have a sudden onset of clonic jerking of an extremity lasting 60-90 seconds residual weakness may last for 15-30 minutes after the attack. The patient is completely aware of the attack and can describe it in detail. The electroencephalogram may show an abnormal discharge highly localized to the involved portion of the brain. 

A. Simple partial seizures Limited (focal) motor or sensory signs (e.g., convulsions confined to one limb, specific sensory hallucinations) consciousness remains intact... 

Partial and generalized seizures are subdivided depending on the specific symptoms that occur during the epileptic seizure (see Table 9-1). As a rule, the outward manifestations of the seizure depend on the area of the brain involved. Simple partial seizures that remain localized within the motor cortex for the right... 

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