General anesthetics intravenous

General anesthetics Intravenous (IV) anesthetics Sedatives and hypnotics Ethanol and related alcohols Psycho t o m i m etic s Antipsychotics... 

HHMC can also be directly activated by agents injected intravenously for therapeutic (general anesthetics, protamine, etc.) or diagnostic purposes (radiocontrast media, etc.), which can cause non-IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions in vitro [24,... 

The GABA-gated chloride ion channel is modulated by several classes of drugs that bind to allosteric sites on the receptor complex the benzodiazepines, barbiturates and related intravenous general anesthetics such as etomidate and propofol, as well as anesthetic steroids and endogenous neurosteroids. It appears that some types of GABAa receptor are directly enhanced by ethanol and volatile general anesthetics (Fig. 16-2) [7,8,20]. 

Benzodiazepines—including diazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam—are used intravenously in anesthesia (see Chapter 25), often in combination with other agents. Not surprisingly, benzodiazepines given in large doses as adjuncts to general anesthetics may contribute to a persistent postanesthetic respiratory depression. This is probably related to their relatively long half-lives and the formation of active metabolites. However, such depressant actions of the benzodiazepines are usually reversible with flumazenil. 

General anesthetics are typically administered by intravenous injection or by inhalation. For many years, inhalation anesthesia was used for all types of surgical procedures. Recently, intravenous anesthesia has become a more widely used technique around the world. 

Finally, newer intravenous anesthetics such as etomidate (Amidate) and propofol (Diprivan) are available. Etomidate is a hypnoticlike drug that causes a rapid onset of general anesthesia with a minimum of cardiopulmonary side effects. Flence, this drug may be useful in patients with compromised cardiovascular or respiratory function. Propofol is a short-acting hypnotic that is useful as a general anesthetic in some... 

Table 22-2 summarizes several other important clinical uses of drugs in the sedative-hypnotic class. Drugs used in the management of seizure disorders and as intravenous agents in anesthesia are discussed in Chapter 24 Antiseizure Drugs and Chapter 25 General Anesthetics. 

General anesthetics are usually given by inhalation or by intravenous injection. 

General anesthetics are administered by intravenous, inhalation, or intramuscular routes. Adverse effects of general anesthetics are hypersensitivity, involuntary muscle movements, bronchospasm, cardiac arrhythmias, and respiratory... 

The effects of intravenous and caudal epidural clonidine on the incidence and severity of postoperative agitation have been assessed in a randomized, double-blind study in 80 children, all of whom received sevoflurane as the sole general anesthetic for induction and maintenance... 

SAFETY PROFILE A human poison by ingestion and possibly other routes. Poison experimentally by ingestion, intravenous, and rectal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous, parenteral, and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental reproductive effects. Human systemic effects by ingestion general anesthetic, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure depression, eye effects, coma, pulse rate increase, arrhythmias. Human mutation data reported. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, rectal, subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. Human systemic effects by intraarterial route acute arterial occlusion by rectal route respiratory depression, body temperature decrease, general anesthetic. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. An intravenous anesthetic. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx and Na20. See also PENTOTHAL and BARBITURATES. 

General anesthetic agents can be broadly categorized as those useful by the inhalation route and those ascful by the intravenous (IV) route. These arc dictated by the physical state of the agents. 

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