Proximate moisture content

Proximate analysis - a relatively low-cost analysis in which moisture content, volatile combustible matter, fixed carbon, and ash are determined. The fuel value of the sludge is calculated as the weighted average of the fuel values of its individual components. 

For comfort in normal office or residential occupation, with percentage saturations between 35 and 70%, control of the dry bulb will result in comfortable conditions for most persons. Feelings of personal comfort are as variable as human nature and at any one time 10% of the occupants of a space may feel too hot and 10% too cold, while the 80% majority are comfortable. Such variations frequently arise from lack or excess of local air movement, or proximity to cold windows, rather than an extreme of temperature or moisture content. 

In order to define this variety of food matrices, chemical composition differences that primarily influence chemical analytical measurements have to be considered. Major food components determining basic chemical make-up are the proximate composition of fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash, and moisture. Variations in ash content in general have a minor influence on analytical methods for other constituents and impact of moisture content can be controlled. Thus the major components influencing analytical performance are the relative levels of fat, protein, and carbohydrate. 

Total moisture of coal Ultimate analysis of coal Ultimate analysis of coke Chlorine in coal and coke Phosphorus in coal and coke Arsenic in coal and coke Analysis of coal ash and coke ash Determination of moisture-holding capacity of hard coal General introduction and methods for reporting results Determination of total moisture of coke Proximate analysis, determination of moisture content of the general analysis test sample... 

Thermo-chemical gasification is the conversion by partial oxidation at elevated temperatures of a carbonaceous feedstock into a low or medium energy content gas (Saxena et al., 2007). Gasification of coal is now well established, and biomass gasification has benefited from the activity in this sector and is developing rapidly. However, the two technologies are not directly comparable due to differences between the feedstocks (e.g. char reactivity, proximate composition, ash composition, moisture content, density). 

Watson, C.A., Greenway, W.T., Davis, G., and McGinty, R.J., Rapid proximate method for determining moisture content of single kernels of com. Cereal Chem., 56 137-140 (1979). 

The elemental composition of the raw peat and solid product was determined using an elemental analyzer (Yanaco CHN Corder MT-5 and MT-6). Additionally, proximate analysis (based on JIS M 8812) total sulfur analysis (based on JIS M 8819) and calorific analysis (based on JIS M 8814) were conducted separately. The gross calorific value (CV) was measured using the bomb calorimetric method and the effective calorific value (ECV) of the sample at a constant pressure was determined based on JIS M 8814, which is followed by ISO 1928. The equilibrium moisture content of the dried solid product was further analyzed while maintaining their moisture contents according to JIS M 8811. Briefly, an aliquot of the sample was placed inside a desiccator containing saturated salt solution and then measured rapidly using a moisture content analyzer (Sartorius MA 150). 

The proximate analysis of coal was developed as a convenient and effective means for determining the distribution of products obtained by heating coal under a set of standard conditions. This particular group of tests has been used widely as the basis for coal characterization in connection with coal utilization. The proximate analysis (ASTM, 20111) of coal may also be considered as the determination of the general properties of coal and is, in reality, the determination of moisture content, volatile matter content, ash yield, and (by difference) fixed carbon yield in contrast to the ultimate analysis of coal which provides the elemental composition (Figure 8.5). 

As in the case of coal, all determinations included in proximate analysis (moisture, ash, and volatile matter contents) are the subject of national and international standards (ISO 579 for the determination of total moisture content ISO 687 and ASTM D3173 for the determination of moisture in the analysis sample ISO 1171 and ASTM D3174 for the determination of ash ISO 562 and ASTM D3175 for the determination of volatile matter content). Table 6 summarizes typical coke chemical properties for some operating blast furnaces in Europe. 

Proximate analysis, which includes the moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and heating value (BTU/LB) of the waste... 

The proximate and ultimate analyses for switchgrass and related herbaceous materials are shown in Table 5.2. Note that the moisture content for such materials is typically quite low relative to most biomass fuels. 

Crushing canola disrupts cell membranes and brings the glucosinolates in close proximity with myrosinase enzyme, and some hydrolysis occurs until the enzyme is inactivated by heat during commercial oil extraction operations. The effect of SC-CO2 extraction conditions (temperature, pressure, extraction time and moisture content) on the myrosinase activity and glucosinolate hydrolysis in flaked and whole canola seeds was studied (Dunford and Temelli, 1996). 

The proximate composition of the dialyzed EPS of Lactobacillus sp. CFR-2180 was determined. It had a moisture content of 2% with negligible amount of protein (0.7%), as an impurity, which was also confirmed with the presence of a peak at 289 nm in UV spectrum (data not shown). The total carbohydrate and uronic acid contents of the sample were found to be 65 and 10%, respectively and the remaining might be the minerals or other impurities. Similarly, presence of glucuronic acid in the EPS produced b by Lact. acidophilus LMG 9433 was reported (Robjin et al, 1996). The sugar composition of the dialyzed EPS was found to... 

Thermal analytic questions connected with coal (see also below) are by far too numerous to be treated here. But as coal is intimately coupled to wood just one example of coal combustion shall be given in this chapter. TG proved to be a convenient and quick means for a proximate analysis of coal to determine the moisture content, the volatiles, fixed carbon and the amount of ash. Figure 2 shows the burning profile of different coal samples heated slowly from 50 to 800°C in an oxidative atmosphere. Steps in the TG curve are due to a small loss... 

The composition of coal is conveyed by representing its proximate and ultimate analysis. The former implies determination of contents of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash, while the latter implies total carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and ash. Here, an account will be provided of the constituents of coal, moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, and some miscellaneous components. 

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