Proton exchange membrane fuel cell durability

Sasaki K, Shao MH, Adzic RR (2009) Dissolution and stabilization of platinum in oxygen cathodes. In Buchi EN, Inaba M, Schmidt T (eds) Proton exchange membrane fuel cell durability. Springer, New York, pp 7-28... 

Key words proton exchange membrane fuel cells, durability, durability testing protocols, PEM degradation, electrocatalyst degradation, carbon support... 

Wang X, Li WZ, Chen ZW, Waje M, Yan YS. 2006. Durability investigation of carbon nanotube as catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. J Power Sources 158 154-159. 

Liu, X., Chen, J., Liu, G., Zhang, L., Zhang, H., and Yi, B. (2010) Enhanced long-term durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cell cathode by employing Pt/Ti02/C catalysts. Journal of Power Sources, 195 (13), 4098-4103. 

This survey focuses on recent developments in catalysts for phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). In PAFC, operating at 160-220°C, orthophosphoric acid is used as the electrolyte, the anode catalyst is Pt and the cathode can be a bimetallic system like Pt/Cr/Co. For this purpose, a bimetallic colloidal precursor of the composition Pt50Co30Cr20 (size 3.8 nm) was prepared by the co-reduction of the corresponding metal salts [184-186], From XRD analysis, the bimetallic particles were found alloyed in an ordered fct-structure. The elecbocatalytic performance in a standard half-cell was compared with an industrial standard catalyst (bimetallic crystallites of 5.7 nm size) manufactured by co-precipitation and subsequent annealing to 900°C. The advantage of the bimetallic colloid catalysts lies in its improved durability, which is essential for PAFC applicabons. After 22 h it was found that the potential had decayed by less than 10 mV [187],... 

Fenton, J. M., Mittal, V. O. and Kunz, H. R. 2007. Durability and degradation of Nation and Nation composite membranes in working PEM fuel cells. In Advances in materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems, Pacific Grove, CA, Feb. 18-21. 

Because of its lower temperature and special polymer electrolyte membrane, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is well-suited for transportation, portable, and micro fuel cell applications. But the performance of these fuel cells critically depends on the materials used for the various cell components. Durability, water management, and reducing catalyst poisoning are important factors when selecting PEMFC materials. 

Proper water management in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is critical to PEMFC performance and durability. PEMFC performance is impaired if the membrane has insufficient water for proton conduction or if the open pore space of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and catalyst layer (CL) or the gas flow channels becomes saturated with liquid water, there is a reduction in reactant flow to the active catalyst sites. PEMFC durability is reduced if water is left in the CL during freeze/thaw cycling which can result in CL or GDL separation from the membrane,1 and excess water in contact with the membrane can result in accelerated membrane thinning.2... 

In fuel cells, well known catalyst is produced from carbon black-supported Pt particles (Pt/C) for hydrogen and oxygen redox reactions which occurs at anode and cathode but conventional Pt/C catalyst has low durability and can be easily poisoned by carbon monoxide. Electrospun Pt/ruthenium, Pt/rhodium, and Pt nanowires have been produced and compared with Pt/C showing better performance in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). 

Wang Z B, Zuo P J, Chu Y Y, Shao Y Y and Yin G P (2009), Durability studies on performance degradation of Pt/C catalysts of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34,4387 394. 

Maillard F, Dubau L, Durst J, Chatenet M, Andre J, RossinotE (2010) Durability of Pt3Co/C nanoparticles in a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell direct evidence of bulk Co segregation to the surface. Electrochem Commun 12(9) 1161-1164... 

Sun, S., Zhang, G., Geng, D., Chen, Y., H, R., Cai, M., and Sun, X. (2011) A highly durable platinum nanocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells multi-armed starlike nanowire single crystal. Angew. Chem. Int. Pd., 50, 422-426. 

Marrony, M., Barrera, R., Quenet, S., Ginocchio, S., Montelatici, L, and Aslanides, A. (2008) Durability study and lifetime prediction of baseline proton exchange membrane fuel cell under severe operating conditions. J. Power Sources, 182, 469-475. 

Kinumoto, T., Nagano, K., Tsumura, T., and Toyoda, M. (2010) Thermal and electrochemical durability of carbonaceous composites used as a bipolar plate of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. 

Liu, D. and Case, S. (2006) Durability study of proton exchange membrane fuel cells under dynamic testing conditions with cyclic current profile. J. Power Sources, 162, 521-531. 

Ralph TR, Barnwell DE, Bouwman PJ, Hodgkinson AJ, Petch MI, Pollington M (2008) Reinforced membrane durability in proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks for automotive applications. J Electrochem Soc 155 B411-B422... 

Gu W, Baker DR, Liu Y, Gasteiger HA (2009) Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) down-the-charmel performance model. In Vielstich W, Gasteiger HA, Yokokawa H (eds) Handbook of fuel cells - advances in electrocatalysis, materials, diagnostics, and durability, vol 5. Wiley, Chichester, pp 631-657... 

Liu ZL, Gan LM, Hong L, Chen WX, Lee JY. Carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles as catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Power Sources 2005 139 73-8. Colon-Mercado HR, Kim H, Popov BN. Durability study of Pt3Nil catalysts as cathode in PEM fuel cells. Electrochem Comm 2004 6 795-9. 

Lin HL. Hsieh YS. Chiu CW et al (2009) Durability and stability test of proton exchange membrane fuel cells prepared from PBI/PTFE composite membrane. J Power Sources 193 170-174... 

Angelo, M., Bender, G., Dorn, S. et al. 2008. The impacts of repetitive carbon monoxide poisoning on performance and durability of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. ECS Trans. 16 669-676. 

Nanofibre for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells has been a focus of research during the last 5 years. These fuel cells have the potential for high thermodynamic efficiency and almost zero emissions, but are currently hindered by high cost of the platinum-based catalyst and low durability. Carbon nanofibre webs as a supporting medium for platinum nanoparticles have been employed [46]. 

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