Nation composites

Fenton, J. M., Mittal, V. O. and Kunz, H. R. 2007. Durability and degradation of Nation and Nation composite membranes in working PEM fuel cells. In Advances in materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems, Pacific Grove, CA, Feb. 18-21. 

Adjemian, K. T., Lee, S. J., Srinivasan, S., Benzieger, J. and Bocarsly, A. B. 2002. Silicon oxide Nation composite membranes for proton-exchange membrane fuel cell operation at 80-140°C. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 149 A256-A261. 

Esterification of Terpenes - Under standard conditions and temperatures from 40 to 100°C limonene and a-pinene were esterificated with acetic and acrylic acid, respectively, over the Amberlyst resin as well as the Nation composite. The conversion is high, however, the reaction is very unselective and no distinct main product is obtained. It seems that both terpenes rearrange to several different products before the final esterification takes place. Using camphene (2) as a starting material, much better results are obtained (Scheme 3). 

Zhang H, Huang H, Shen PK (2012) Methanol-blocking Nation composite membranes fabricated by layer-by-layer self-assembly for direct methanol fuel cells. Int J Hydrogen... 

Liu YH, Yi BL, Shao ZG, Xing DM, Zhang HM, Carbon nanotubes reinforced Nation composite membrane for fuel cell applications. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 2006 9 A356-9. 

V. Tricoli and F. Nannetti, Zeolite-Nation composites as ion conducting membrane materials, Electrochim. Acta 48, 2625-2633 (2003). 

Yang C et al (2004) A comparison of physical properties and fuel cell performance of Nation and zirconium phosphate/Nation composite membranes. J Memb Sci 237(1-2) 145-161... 

Tensile Stress, Elongation, Conductivity (Methanol Permeability (PMeon) of Eiber-Reinforced Nation Composite Membranes... 

The proton conductivities of Nafion and inorganic additive-containing Nation composite membranes under various temperature and RH are also partly summarized in Table 9.5. 

Modeling of polymer membrane structure through dynamics simulations is generally coupled with the water/proton-transfer properties. Yana et al. conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of Krytox-Silica-Nafion composite membranes in comparison to the pure Nation. A 5 wt% of carboxylic acid terminated perfluoropolyether hybrid with silica (Krytox-Silica) in Nation composite polymer was used in the modification of a PEM in order to improve its efficiency at high operating temperatures. MD simulations were carried out in order to understand the microscopic properties of two systems, Krytox-Silica in Nation and pure... 

Antonucci et attributed the enhanced performance of the composite membrane to the hygroscopic properties of silica. Watanabe et investigated silica- and titania-impregnated Nation composite membranes in H2/O2 proton-exchange membrane fuel cells operating at 100 °C with minimal external humidification. They reported that the silica particles were superior to titania particles in terms of water retention qualities within the Nafion membrane, and attributed this to the higher water sorption properties of silica. Adjemian et reported that the performances of silica and titania composites at 130 °C and 75% RH are comparable (0.33 Qcm and 0.35 Qcm cell resistivities) while recast Nafion -based composites present high cell resistivity (0.9 Qcm ). 

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