Fuel proton exchange membrane

The most promising fuel cell for transportation purposes was initially developed in the 1960s and is called the proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Compared with the PAFC, it has much greater power density state-of-the-art PEMFC stacks can produce in excess of 1 kWA. It is also potentially less expensive and, because it uses a thin solid polymer electrolyte sheet, it has relatively few sealing and corrosion issues and no problems associated tvith electrolyte dilution by the product water. 

Ford Motor Company. (1997). Direct Ilydrogcn-Fuclcd Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System for Transportation Applications Hydrogen Vehicle... 

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)... 

Propylene glycol, glycolysis of polyurethanes with, 572 Propylene oxide (PO), glycolysis of polyurethanes with, 572-573 Propylene oxide (PO) polyols, 211, 223 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), 272-273 Proton NMR integrations, 386. See also H NMR spectroscopy Protonic acids, reactions catalyzed by, 67-68... 

PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cell... 

Reforming 573 K Shift-Conversion Phosphoric Acid, 473 K or Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, 363 K... 

Figure 4. Schematic design of a proton exchange membrane fuel.

Membrane-type fuel cells. The electrolyte is a polymeric ion-exchange membrane the working temperatures are 60 to 100°C. Such systems were first used in Gemini spaceships. These fuel cells subsequently saw a rather broad development and are known as (solid) polymer electrolyte or proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). 

Significant (and even spectacular) results were contributed by the group of Norskov to the field of electrocatalysis [102-105]. Theoretical calculations led to the design of novel nanoparticulate anode catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) which are composed of trimetallic systems where which PtRu is alloyed with a third, non-noble metal such as Co, Ni, or W. Remarkably, the activity trends observed experimentally when using Pt-, PtRu-, PtRuNi-, and PtRuCo electrocatalysts corresponded exactly with the theoretical predictions (cf. Figure 5(a) and (b)) [102]. 

Muketjee S, Srinivasan S. 1993. Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Electroanal Chem 357 201-224. 

Fernandez JL, Raghuveer V, Manthiram A, Bard AJ. 2005a. Pd-Ti and Pd-Co-Au electrocatalysts as a replacement for platinum for oxygen reduction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Am Chem Soc 127 13100-13101. 

Ferreira PJ, Shao-Hom Y. 2007. Formation mechanism of Pt single-crystal nanoparticles in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochem Solid State Lett 10 B60-B63. 

Ferreira PJ, La O GJ, Shao-Hom Y, Morgan D, Makharia R, Kocha S, Gasteiger HA. 2005. Instability of Pt/C electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells—A mechanistic investigation. J Electrochem Soc 152 A2256-A2271. 

Mukeijee S, Srinivasan S. 1993. Enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum alloys in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Electroanal Chem 357 201-224. Mukeijee S, Srinivasan S, Soriaga M, McBreen J. 1995. Role of structural and electronic properties of Pt and Pt alloys on electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction. J Electrochem Soc 142 1409-1422. 

Wang X, Li WZ, Chen ZW, Waje M, Yan YS. 2006. Durability investigation of carbon nanotube as catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. J Power Sources 158 154-159. 

Ambient temperature catalysis of O2 reduction at low overpotentials is a challenge in development of conventional proton exchange membrane fuel cells (pol5mer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, PEMFCs) [Ralph and Hogarth, 2002]. In this chapter, we discuss two classes of enz5mes that catalyze the complete reduction of O2 to H2O multi-copper oxidases and heme iron-containing quinol oxidases. 

Liu, X., Chen, J., Liu, G., Zhang, L., Zhang, H., and Yi, B. (2010) Enhanced long-term durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cell cathode by employing Pt/Ti02/C catalysts. Journal of Power Sources, 195 (13), 4098-4103. 

Fuel cell applications Manganese dioxide as a new cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cells [118] OMS-2 catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications [119] An improved cathode for alkaline fuel cells [120] Nanostructured manganese oxide as a cathodic catalyst for enhanced oxygen reduction in a microbial fuel cell [121] Carbon-supported tetragonal MnOOH catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media [122]... 

There are six different types of fuel cells (Table 1.6) (1) alkaline fuel cell (AFC), (2) direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), (3) molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), (4) phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), (5) proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and (6) the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). They all differ in applications, operating temperatures, cost, and efficiency. 

Wee, J.H., Applications of proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 11,1720-1738,2007. 

In the case of 50 kW power, the rate of hydrogen supply needed (LH) is around 1.69 X 103 (mol/h) at the energy-conversion-efficiency level of 45% for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) [38]. 

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are being considered as a potential alternative energy conversion device for mobile power applications. Since the electrolyte of a PEM fuel cell can function at low temperatures (typically at 80 °C), PEMFCs are unique from the other commercially viable types of fuel cells. Moreover, the electrolyte membrane and other cell components can be manufactured very thin, allowing for high power production to be achieved within a small volume of space. Thus, the combination of small size and fast start-up makes PEMFCs an excellent candidate for use in mobile power applications, such as laptop computers, cell phones, and automobiles. 

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), 72 201, 211-213 73 861-862... 

This survey focuses on recent developments in catalysts for phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). In PAFC, operating at 160-220°C, orthophosphoric acid is used as the electrolyte, the anode catalyst is Pt and the cathode can be a bimetallic system like Pt/Cr/Co. For this purpose, a bimetallic colloidal precursor of the composition Pt50Co30Cr20 (size 3.8 nm) was prepared by the co-reduction of the corresponding metal salts [184-186], From XRD analysis, the bimetallic particles were found alloyed in an ordered fct-structure. The elecbocatalytic performance in a standard half-cell was compared with an industrial standard catalyst (bimetallic crystallites of 5.7 nm size) manufactured by co-precipitation and subsequent annealing to 900°C. The advantage of the bimetallic colloid catalysts lies in its improved durability, which is essential for PAFC applicabons. After 22 h it was found that the potential had decayed by less than 10 mV [187],... 

Franco, E.G., Neto, A., Linardi, M., and Arico, E., Synthesis of electrocalysts by the Bonnemann method for the oxidation of methanol and the mixture of H2/CO in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 13, 516, 2002. 

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