Protein surface coating

Staining Applications Bonghan threads inside lymphatic vessels chromatin glycoproteins glycosami-noglycans " lung goblet cells neurons nuclear basic proteins surface coat of ceUs urine sediments ... 

In addition to plastics materials, many fibres, surface coatings and rubbers are also basically high polymers, whilst in nature itself there is an abundance of polymeric material. Proteins, cellulose, starch, lignin and natural rubber are high polymers. The detailed structures of these materials are complex and highly sophisticated in comparison the synthetic polymers produced by man are crude in the quality of their molecular architecture. 

Gems, D.H. and Maizels, R.M. (1996) An abundantly expressed mucin-like protein from Toxocara canis infective larvae the precursor of the larval surface coat glycoproteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93,1665-1670. 

Nanoparticle surface modification is of tremendous importance to prevent nanoparticle aggregation prior to injection, decrease the toxicity, and increase the solubility and the biocompatibility in a living system [20]. Imaging studies in mice clearly show that QD surface coatings alter the disposition and pharmacokinetic properties of the nanoparticles. The key factors in surface modifications include the use of proper solvents and chemicals or biomolecules used for the attachment of the drug, targeting ligands, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids etc. for their site-specific biomedical applications. The functionalized or capped nanoparticles should be preferably dispersible in aqueous media. 

PEG is hydrophilic and is widely used in biological research because it protects surfaces from interacting with cells or proteins. Thus, coated particles may result in increased blood circulation time. For their preparation, 10-mg magnetite particles were dispersed in 1.0 mU of deoxygenated water by sonication for 30 min. The aqueous dispersion of MNPs was dissolved in the aqueous cores of reverse micelles... 

As a technique for selective surface illumination at liquid/solid interfaces, TIRF was first introduced by Hirschfeld(1) in 1965. Other important early applications were pioneered by Harrick and Loeb(2) in 1973 for detecting fluorescence from a surface coated with dansyl-labeled bovine serum allbumin, by Kronick and Little(3) in 1975 for measuring the equilibrium constant between soluble fluorescent-labeled antibodies and surface-immobilized antigens, and by Watkins and Robertson(4) in 1977 for measuring kinetics of protein adsorption following a concentration jump. Previous rcvicws(5 7) contain additional references to some important early work. Section 7.5 presents a literature review of recent work. 

One TIRF study found that some membrane proteins behave just oppositely to AChR they avoid the cell/substrate contact regions/ 1 When endothelial cells are grown on a bare glass surface or are brought into suspension, a specific membrane protein marked with antibodies appears all over the cell surface, as evidenced by epi-illumination and TIRF. However, when the cells are grown on (or returned to) a surface coated with their own extracellular matrix material, the protein disappears from the basal (cell/substrate-contacting) side of the cells. 

Gateau E, Levasseur P, Borgonovi M, Imbert C. (2007) The effect of aminocandin (HMR 3270) on the in vitro adherence of Candida Albicans to polystyrene surfaces coated with extracellular matrix proteins or fibronectin. Clin Microbiol Infec 13 311-315. 

Droplets of different density and lipid protein ratios ranging from about 1.5 1 to 40 1 have been isolated from bovine mammary gland. Triglycerides are the major lipid class in droplets of all sizes and represent increasingly greater proportions of total droplet mass in increasingly less dense droplet preparations. Surface coat material of droplets contains cholesterol and the major phospholipid classes found in milk, i.e. sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidyl-serine. 

In the past, mica has been the material of choice for the interacting surfaces because of the ease of handling and since molecularly smooth surfaces can be fabricated mica surface coated with a thin film of other materials (e.g., lipid monolayers or bilayers, metal films, polymer films, or other macromolecules such as proteins) can also be used. The use of alternative materials such as molecularly smooth sapphire and silica sheets and carbon and metal oxide surfaces is also being explored. 

Tolsen, N. D., Boothroyd, B., and Hopkins, C. R. (1981) Cell-surface labelling with gold colloidal particles, the use of avidin and staphylococcal protein A-coated gold in conjunction with biotin and Fc-beanng ligands. J. Microsc 123,215—226. 

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