Protein human chorionic gonadotropin

Wu, H., et al. (1994). Structure of human chorionic gonadotropin at 2.6 A resolution from MAD analysis of the selenomethionyl protein. Structure 2, 545-558. 

Resistance of activated protein C and deep calf vein thrombosis has been reported during controlled ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (18). The thrombosis occurred on the eighth day of human menopausal gonadotropin use and before human chorionic gonadotropin was given. 

Along this line Matsue et al. [37,45,78,79] have developed a number of biochips. Among them are multi-analyte assays for human placental lactogen (HPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) [45] and leukocidin, a toxic protein produced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [79]. Figure 37.8 shows an example of a dual immunoassay with SECM detection. The analyte is defined by the position on the chip and the amount of analyte is quantified via the collection current at the UME. The current originates from the reduction of ferrocinium methanol (Fc+) at the UME. Fc+ is produced locally at the chip surface by the enzyme HRP under consumption of H202. 

Kohen P, Castro O, Palomino A, et al. The steroidogenic response and corpus luteum expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein after human chorionic gonadotropin administration at different times in the human luteal phase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 88 3421-3430. 

Abbreviations and trivial names used are RME, receptor-mediated endocytosis LDL, low density lipoprotein EGF. epidermal growth factor SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate LH, luteinizing hormone hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin and G protein, guanine nucleotide binding protein. 

Induction of ovulation in mares may be stimulated by the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This has physiological actions similar to LH but differs structurally in both protein and carbohydrate content. It is produced by the human placenta and is extracted commercially from the urine of pregnant women. hCG may be administered to mares in the transitional period to stimulate ovulation. A dose of 3300 lU administered to mares with a follicle of >40 mm in diameter and signs of estrus that have been present for more than 3 days hastens the first ovulation of the season by approximately 1 week compared with control mares (Ball 2000a). In some states of the USA, hCG is a controlled substance that requires a special license for purchase and use. 

Another interesting and novel set of GEM models has linked regulatory elements of relevance to toxicology to genes encoding secreted reporter proteins. For example, the antioxidant response element (ARE) has been linked to the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) beta chain gene to produce a urinary marker that is detectible with an antibody in an ELISA format.64 Mice with this construct are presently under development. 

Forest JC, Masse J, Moutquin JM. Screening for Down syndrome during first trimester a prospective study using free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Cfin Biochem 1997 30 333-8. 

Macri JN, Kasturi RV, Krantz DA, Cook EJ, Moore ND, Young JA, et al. Maternal serum Down syndrome screening free p-protein is a more effective marker than human chorionic gonadotropin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 163 1248-53. 

R21. Rosen, S. W., Sohlaff, S., and Roth, J., Anti-human follicle stimulating hormone complete cross reactivity with three other human glycoprotein trophic hormones, luteinising hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin and thyrotropin. In Protein and Polypeptide Hormones, Proc. Int. Symp. (M. Margoulies, ed.), Part 2, pp. 396-397. Exoerpta Med. Found., Amsterdam, 1968. 

FIGURE 10.38 Distribution of markers in pancreatic endocrine tumors. SYN, synaptophysin NSE, neuron-specific enolase LMWCK, low-molecular-weight cytokeratin CgA, chromogranin A PC2, pro-convertase 2 PCM, peptidylglycine alpha-amidating enzyme PC3, proconvertase 3 NFP, neurofilament protein HCC(a), human chorionic gonadotropin alpha VIM, vimentin. 

The lack of confidence in using a particular single protein as a biomarker for a disease has led to the development of a panel of proteins as biomarkers instead of a single protein for certain diseases. It is shown that an increase in a combination of four proteins, such as leptin, prolactin, osteopontin, and insulin-like growth factor II, serves as a good indicator of ovarian cancer. None of these proteins by themselves can serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. In addition to proteins, several hormones such as adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and calcitonin are also used as biomarkers for cancers. 

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