Effect markers

An analytic smdy always implies a comparison among two or more groups. Data from analytic studies may be useful for identifying a relationship between human exposure and effects such as biological effect markers, early signs of chronic effects, disease occurrence, or mortality (EC 2003). 

Reader SC, Shingles C, Stonard MD. 1991. Acute testicular toxicity of 1,3-dinitrobenzene and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in the rat Evaluation of biochemical effect markers and hormonal responses. Fundam AppI Toxicol 16 61-70. 

If the mass of a single peptide in a tiyptic digest of a protein ean be measured with sufficiently high mass accuracy ( 1 ppm), it can be used as an aeeurate mass tag (AMT) and an effective marker for unambiguous protein identifieation [165]. 

Macri JN, Kasturi RV, Krantz DA, Cook EJ, Moore ND, Young JA, et al. Maternal serum Down syndrome screening free p-protein is a more effective marker than human chorionic gonadotropin. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 163 1248-53. 

In animals (and humans), plasma ALT is an effective marker of liver damage and it should always be measured, although it is not entirely specific for liver (see... 

In order to have the exposure markers available, it is necessary to develop the toxicological analysis of toxin levels and their metabolites in body fluids. At present, effect markers are based on the clinical picture. It is important to develop markers for subclinical physiological changes. 

The goal is to discover potential markers of longer-term surrogacy, early markers of side effects, markers of stratification, and companion diagnostics. 

Straubinger, R. M., Krzyzanski, W., Francoforte, C. M., and Qu, J. 2007. Applications of quantitative pharmacod5mamic effect markers in drug target identification and therapy development. Anticancer Res. 27 1237-46. 

Freese, R, Alfthan, G, Jauhiainen, M, Basu, S, Erlund, 1, Sakninen, I, Aro, A and Mutanen, M (2002) High intakes of vegetables, berries and apple combined with high intake of linoleic acid or oleic acid only slightly effect markers of Upid peroxidation or Upoprotein metabolism in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr, 76, 950-960. 

Cardiovascular toxicity, by contrast, most commonly employs blood pressure changes as the sentinel effect marker across adult groups. That endpoint... 

The earlier studies of Bernard et al. (1995) and Verberk et al. (1996) examined children where PbB was >10 pg/dl and the effect marker was either RBP (Bernard et al., 1995) or urinary NAG (Verberk et al., 1996). Both studies reported positive associations of the effect markers with elevated PbB. 

L. Hdglund, and J. Agren, J., Analysis of the Kirkendall effect, marker migration and pore foimation,... 

Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Further Effect Markers. 94... 

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