Protein-DNA/RNA

In general, diagnostic tests that look for a particular protein of interest use biologically derived antibodies, usually from mice. However, proteins, DNA, RNA, and other biologicals may be derived from a variety of organisms like bacteria, yeast, plants, and other mammals for use as diagnostics. 

The general types of protein-protein interactions that occur in cells include receptor-ligand, enzyme-substrate, multimeric complex formations, structural scaffolds, and chaperones. However, proteins interact with more targets than just other proteins. Protein interactions can include protein-protein or protein-peptide, protein-DNA/RNA or protein-nucleic acid, protein-glycan or protein-carbohydrate, protein-lipid or protein-membrane, and protein-small molecule or protein-ligand. It is likely that every molecule within a cell has some kind of specific interaction with a protein. 

Living cells visualization of membranes, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA, surface antigens, surface glycoconjugates membrane dynamics membrane permeability membrane potential intracellular pH cytoplasmic calcium, sodium, chloride, proton concentration redox state enzyme activities cell-cell and cell-virus interactions membrane fusion endocytosis viability, cell cycle cytotoxic activity... 

Inactivates bacterial ribosomal proteins leading to a loss of vital processes of synthesizing proteins, DNA, RNA, and cell wall. Also leads to the loss of aerobic energy metabolism. It has been around since the 1950s without serious emergence of resistance because of its broad-based range of modes of action. 

Ultra-high-temperature treatment (UHT) is now the most widely exploited method in the food industry to stabilize microbiologically any foodstuff. It consists of heating at an ultra high-temperature for a short period of time for example, a treatment at 145°C for 2 seconds is sufficient to assure a total microbial- and spore inactivation. The microbial death is principally due to irreversible cell damage (e.g., of proteins, DNA, RNA, vitamins) enzymes are inactivated by heat which modifies their active sites. 

Living arrays Yeast colonies expressing GAL4 fusion proteins Yeast colonies with transposon disruptions protein—protein and protein—DNA/RNA interactions phenotype analysis... 

The concept of evolution of primary sequences of biopolymers has attracted great interest from biologists, chemists and physicists for a long time [65-68]. As has been discussed, it is natural to expect that the content of information in the sequences of biopolymers (proteins, DNA, RNA) is relatively high in comparison with random sequences where it should be almost zero [69]. Presumably, the information complexity of early ancestors of present-day biopolymers has been increased in the course of molecular evolution when the... 

ProteinChip arrays with preactivated surfaces are also available for covalently coupling of a specific bait molecule (protein, DNA, RNA). This allows the investigation of specific protein interactions such as DNA-protein, receptor-ligand, and antibody-antigen (Ab-Ag), the latter of which permits the generation of a standard curve and hence quantitation studies (21). 

Future work will naturally extend to study complex systems, such as hydration dynamics around different secondary-structure globular proteins at interfaces of protein-DNA, RNA, or protein complexes and at the active sites in enzymes. On the theoretical side, significant efforts are needed to solve the serious discrepancies of total solvation energy, ultrafast inertial motion, as well as protein flexibility and induced solvation. 

With the availability of C- and N-labeled biomolecules (peptides, proteins, DNA, RNA, oligosaccharides), resonance assignment can be based on techniques that do not rely on the small H- H J couplings to establish through-bond connectivities, but, instead, larger one-bond... 

In this chapter, we will consider simple colorimetric and fluorometric methods for the quantitation of total protein, DNA, RNA, carbohydrate, and free fatty acid. All of the methods are based on the generation of a chromophore or fluorophore by a selective chemical reaction. 

Protein-protein or protein-DNA/RNA EP, ERET, TR-FRET, BRET, ECL, AlphaScreen BRET, reporter gene BRET, localization, specific a-protein mAb staining on fixed-permeabilized cells... 

ProteinChip Arrays are available with different chromatographic properties, inciuding hydrophobic, hydrophiiic, anion exchange, cation exchange, and immobilized-nnetai affinity surfaces. Other Protein Chip Arrays with p re-activated surfaces are available for covalently coupling protein, DNA, RNA or other bait" molecules by the user. 

Tlie application of microsystems ( biochips ) with highly integrated functions covers the analysis of DNA, protein, DNA-RNA and DNA-protein interactions, biochemical assays, and stracture and expression studies. 

Linear strategies employ a readily available set of monomeric building blocks such as suitably protected amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides or /V-alkylated glycines which can be assembled in a repetitive sequence of couplings to produce the corresponding products such as peptides, oligonucleotides, polysaccharides or peptoids. Most of these linear strategies are used by nature to produce the basic molecules of life such as proteins, DNA, RNA and polysaccharide derived natural products. 

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