Evolution, molecular

There are further side reactions occurring in chforine evolution. Molecular chlorine reacts with aqueous solutions to hypochlorous acid, HCIO ... 

X receptor a promiscuous xenobiotic receptor that has diverged during evolution. Molecular Endocrinology, 14, 27-39. 

Applied molecular evolution, directed evolution, molecular breeding—the process is known by different names—all use some variation... 

This and many other similar conclusions reinforced the idea that phenotypic evolution, molecular evolution and macroevolution all took place almost exclusively by natural selection and only minimally by genetic drift. This theoretical conclusion, known as selectionism, or more precisely panselectionism, became increasingly popular in the 1940s and 1950s, and up until the 1960s there was no serious alternative. In the 1960s, however, it became possible to make direct measurements of the molecular parameters, and the results turned out to be quite different from those predicted by selectionism. 

Stars form in dense cores within giant molecular clouds (see Fig. 1.4, Alves et al. 2001). About 1 % of their mass is in dust grains, produced in the final phases of stellar evolution. Molecular clouds are complex entities with extreme density variations, whose nature and scales are defined by turbulence. These transient environments provide dynamic reservoirs that thoroughly mix dust grains of diverse origins and composition before the violent star-formation process passes them on to young stars and planets. Remnants of this primitive dust from the Solar System formation exist as presolar grains in primitive chondritic meteorites and IDPs. 

Calvin, M. Chemical evolution, molecular evolution towards the origin of livmg systems on the earth and elsewhere, pp. 170-171. Oxford University Press 1969. 

Willson, T.M., Kliewer, S.A., and Moore, J.T. (2000) The pregnane X receptor a promiscuous xenobiotic receptor that has diverged during evolution. Molecular Endocrinology, 14, 27-39. 

Reeves, P. A. and Olmstead, R. G. (2003). Evolution of the TCP gene family in Asteridae cladistic network approaches to understanding regulatory gene family diversification and its impact on morphological evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution, H, 1997-2009. 

Science Subtest II General Science (119) Ecology Genetics/Evolution Molecular Biology/Biochemistry Cell and Organismal Biology Heat Transfer/Thermodynamics Structure and Properties of Matter 8 14 7 7 80% 7 15 total 58 none none 1 1 20% none none total 2... 

The next level up in protein organization involves secondary structures motifs—small sfrucfural elements that show up repeatedly within many different protein folds. Well-known examples include helices, sfrands, loops, and furns. Work in yeasf has shown thaf fhe secondary strucfure composifion of a profein does nof appear fo influence ifs evolutionary rafe [7]. However, in a sfudy of mammalian profeins, residues in helices and sfrands were shown fo evolve more slowly fhan those in the less ordered loops and turns [53]. This last result highlights another apparent influence on evolution molecular disorder. Disordered regions of proteins are generally known to evolve more rapidly than their ordered counterparts [61]. Our discussion to this point has assumed that a useful sfrucfure and a stable fold are synonymous—this is not necessarily the case. In fact, many proteins perform functional roles in the cell despite the fact that they, either in whole or in part, fail to achieve a fixed three-dimensional fold [62]. The facf fhaf fhese profeins also appear fo experience relaxed selection raises inferesfing quesfions abouf fheir evolutionary pofenfial. 

M. Calvin, "Chemical Evolution. Molecular Evolution towards... 

Calvin M. (1969) Chemical Evolution Molecular Evolution Towards the Origin of Living Systems on the Earth and Elsewhere. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

Lockhart, P.J., Steele, M.A., Hendy, M.D. and Penny, D. (1994) Recovering evolutionary distances under a more realistic model of sequence evolution . Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 605-12. 

Slack, K.E., Jones, C.M., Ando, T., Harrison, G.L., Fordyce, R.E., Amason, U. and Penny, D. (2006) Early penguin fossils, plus mitochondrial genomes, calibrate avian evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23 1144-1155. 

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