Glycoconjugates membranes

Living cells visualization of membranes, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA, surface antigens, surface glycoconjugates membrane dynamics membrane permeability membrane potential intracellular pH cytoplasmic calcium, sodium, chloride, proton concentration redox state enzyme activities cell-cell and cell-virus interactions membrane fusion endocytosis viability, cell cycle cytotoxic activity... 

Goldstein DB, Hungund BL, Lyon RC Increased surface glycoconjugates of synaptic membranes in mice during chronic ethanol treatment. Br J Pharmacol 78 8-10, 1983... 

Maizels, R.M. and Robertson, B.D. (1991) Toxocara canis. secreted glycoconjugate antigens in immunobiology and immunodiagnosis. In Kennedy, M. (ed.) Parasitic Nematodes - Antigens, Membranes and Genes. Taylor and Francis Ltd, London, pp. 95-115. 

Intact biological membranes are far more complex systems than even the lipid extracts (see Fig. 6). In hardly any case do the lipid components exceed 50% of the dry weight, as membranes intrinsically contain numerous proteins and various glycoconjugates. This diversity is most pronounced in the plasma membrane (irrespective of the genera) which is effectively amalgamated with the non-lipidic... 

A method for selective, radioactive labelling of sialic acids, especially in cell membranes, by mild oxidation with periodate followed by reduction with borotritide, has heen described by Gahmberg and Andersson.200 This procedure can be used either for isolation and characterization of the labelled, cell-surface glycoconjugates (see, for example, Ref. 201) or for autoradiography of tissues and cells (for example, erythrocytes).142... 

Sialic acid seems to be involved not only in regulation of the lifetime of soluble, serum glycoproteins but also of mammalian blood-cells. It was observed by Woodruff and Gesner474 that desialylated lymphocytes are reversibly trapped in liver they recirculate to the blood stream after about 24 h. This phenomenon was confinned with Listeria-specific, mouse T lymphocytes, which accumulated in the liver for one day, in contrast to the control cells.60 Reappearance of these cells in the circulation after one day may be explained by re-sialylation of their membrane glycoconjugates. This time period is in the range observed for the turnover of sialic acid in cell membranes, lasting, for example, for 33 h in rat-liver hepatocytes.475... 

We found that the [GM(A)R]2-ITC-BSA conjugate indeed elicited a protective immune response, although not as efficient as that elicited by heat-killed bacteria. The AM-ITC-BSA conjugate failed to elicit a protective immune response, which was in accordance with the observation that the dlsaccharlde haptens repeatedly fail to elicit hapten-specific immune responses in mice. The inferior protective ability of the glycoconjugates as compared to the heat-killed bacteria may have several explanations. Firstly, immunity directed at porins and other outer membrane components unrelated to the 0-antigen is of Importance... 

Abstract. TPA and RA have significant effects on glycolipid and glycoprotein biosynthetic enzymes in several cultured cell systems. This suggests that these compounds as well as other "tumor promoters" will be useful in further studies on the regulation and control of glycoconjugate metabolism (metabolic perturbants). Butyrate, TPA and RA appear to exert their effects at different points in the cell cycle. These results could mean that tumor promotion, differentiation and virus infection occur at discrete points in the cell cycle. Membrane glycoconjugates may participate in these processes in a dynamic time-dependent way. 

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