Protein biomarkers

BACTERIAL PROTEIN BIOMARKER DISCOVERY A FOCUSED APPROACH TO DEVELOPING MOLECULAR-BASED IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS... 

Williams, T. L. Musser, S. M. Nordstrom, J. L. DePaola, A. Monday, S. R. Identification of a protein biomarker unique to the pandemic 03 K6 clone of Vibrio para-haemolyticus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2004. 

The present chapter does not consider analysis of extracted protein biomarkers but rather focuses on strategies for rapid chemotaxonomic analysis of intact microorganisms with automated sample manipulation. Rapid means less than 5 minutes. Advantages of the application of bioinformatics and proteomics strategies for rapid identification of microorganisms include the following ... 

These classical bioinformatics strategies are not all directly applicable to analysis of intact microorganisms, which each contain a mixture of protein biomarkers. Flowever, the principle of comparing experimental observations to protein/genome databases (bioinformatics) does hold the key to flexibility,... 

Although the feasibility of the proteomics or bioinformatics approach has been demonstrated, considerable room remains for improved methods for selective solublization of protein biomarkers and for rapid cleavage to produce peptides. There is also demand for advanced instrumentation to collect, process, and analyze microorganisms. 

Pineda, F. J. Antoine, M. D. Demirev, P A. Feldman, A. B. Jackman, J. Longenecker, M. Lin, J. S. Microorganism identification by matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization mass spectrometry and model-derived ribosomal protein biomarkers. Anal. Chem. 2003,75,3817-3822. 

Amiri-Eliasi, B. Fenselau, C. Characterization of protein biomarkers desorbed by MALDI from whole fungal cells. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 5228-5231. 

High-throughput proteomic methods hold great promise for the discovery of novel protein biomarkers that can be translated into practical interventions for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. These approaches may also facilitate the development of therapeutic agents that are targeted to specific molecular alterations in diseases such as cancer. In many cases, malignant cells yield unique protein profiles when total protein extracts from such cells are analyzed by 2-D gel electrophoresis or mass spectrometry (MS) methods. Such proteomic studies have the potential to provide an important complement to the analysis of DNA and mRNA extracts from these tissues.1... 

Measuring both protein and gene expression is important, because evidence is accumulating that the two levels are often not closely correlated. Many other factors besides transcription of the gene are important. These factors include splicing, translation, posttranslational modifications, binding, catabolism, and clearance. Some protein biomarkers will be related to drug action. 

The analysis for proteins present in plasma or a cell extract is a challenging task due to their complexity and the great difference between protein concentrations present in the sample. Simple mixtures of intact proteins can be analyzed by infusion with electrospray ionization and more complex ones by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization. MALDI is more suited for complex mixtures because for each protein an [M+H]+ signal is observed while for ESI multiply charged ions are observed. Surface enhanced laser desorption (SEEDI) is a technique for the screening of protein biomarkers based on the mass spectrometric analysis of intact proteins [49]. However in most cases for sensitivity reasons mass spec-... 

Espina V, Mueller C, Edmiston K et al (2009) Tissue is alive new technologies are needed to address the problems of protein biomarker... 

Rifai, N., Gillette, M. and Carr, S.A. (2006) Protein biomarker discovery and validation the long and rmcertain path to clinical utility. Nature Biotechnology, 24 (8), 971-983. 

Liao, H., Wu, J., Kuhn, E., Chin, W, Chang, B., Jones, M.D., O Neil, S., Clauser, K.R., Karl, J., Hasler, F., Roubenoff, R., Zolg, W. and Guild, B.C. (2004) Use of Mass Spectrometry to Identify Protein Biomarkers of Disease Severity in the Synovial Fluid and Serum of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum, 50, 3792-3803. 

Lee, H. J., Nedelkov, D. and Corn, R. M. (2006) SPR imaging measurements of antibody arrays for the multiplexed detection of low molecular weight protein biomarkers. Anal. Chem. 78, 6504-6510. 

Alongside protein biomarkers in human health, markers of food security even for plant proteins might become essential for the determination of food security and authenticity. In the actual world where products travel rapidly throughout continents, one of the main items for security is the traceability of products to try finding the origin of a possible health problem and make corrective actions. The case reported in June 2011 on the contamination of soya germs by a mutant of E. coli was symptomatic of what is the current risk for human health requiring a formal traceability of plant products and fully sensitive analysis. 

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